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Journal Article 1: Weidner, R. R., & Terrill, W. (2005). A test of Turk’s theory of norm resistance using observational data on police-suspect encounters. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 84–109.

Abstract: Turk’s theory of norm resistance explains how authority-subject relations can be structured in manners that have different probabilities of overt conflict (norm resistance). Building on previous research by Lanza-Kaduce and Greenleaf, this study uses data collected as part of an observational study of the police in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida, to examine Turk’s theory as it relates to conflict in police-suspect encounters. It examines three hypotheses derived from the theory of norm resistance, using multivariate statistical techniques to control for several factors either posited or empirically shown in previous research to influence overt conflict. Two of the three hypotheses are supported. Consistent with prior research, organization and sophistication of police and suspects are significant predictors of overt conflict. However, the hypothesis that conflict will be less likely when officers’ positional authority is reinforced by race, age, sex, and wealth deference norms is not supported.

Journal Article 2: Wozniak, J. F. (2001). Toward a theoretical model of peacemaking criminology: An essay in honor of Richard Quinney. Crime and Delinquency, 48, 204–231.

Abstract: In previous research, core peacemaking criminology themes addressed by authors within the Pepinsky and Quinney reader were examined. These peacemaking criminology themes are types of crimes/social harms embedded in current social structure, types of theoretical frameworks/perspectives guiding peacemaking criminology, and types of peacemaking alternatives to confront the social injustices underlying crimes/social harms in today’s society. Building on this previous research as well as a survey of peace-making authors, this article illustrates how elements of a peacemaking criminology theoretical model come into view. The article then explores the basic nature and connections of the elements in this peacemaking criminology theoretical model. The analysis concludes with suggestions of ways this peacemaking criminology theoretical model can be adapted toward future crime research and policies.