1. Tuchman (1978) analysed the role of news in the construction of social reality. According to her research, ______.

1. news is simultaneously a record and a product of social reality
2. the pervasiveness of celebrity news dominates media
3. media effects are the strongest in so-called developed nations
4. none of these

2. Which of the following statements best describes the argument of the Frankfurt School?

1. Media are largely commercially produced and controlled by big corporations, and by commercial imperatives in subservience to the system of consumer capitalism.
2. Media produce content in order to cultivate, and maintain a status quo.
3. Media are a part of ‘a culture industry’ that is interested mainly in profit only.
4. all of these

3. In our information society, the boundary between interpersonal and mediated communication is becoming more and more blurred. Which of the following is a contributor to this phenomenon?

1. interconnectivity brought about by globalization
2. economic forces within people’s own communities
3. the continuation of traditional media outlets
4. the suspicion of credibility of online news

4. Which of the following statements best defines cyberbullying?

1. technological innovations that fracture the mass audience
2. bullying by using technology such as the Internet and mobile phones
3. the use of technology to help others in need
4. technological changes in economic spaces

5. Which of the following is true about the social media?

1. Around the world, concerns over privacy online are expressed.
2. Many fear they have lost control over their personal information.
3. Social media do not pose any problems on ownership.
4. Around the world, concerns over privacy online are expressed, and many fear they have lost control over their personal information.

6. Audience studies have been crucial in promoting the idea that audiences are not passive, but active agents in media consumption. Which of the topic areas does Purnima Mankekar’s (2015) study explore?

1. reading habits of South Korean children while showing how they like to read
2. how social media are used by women in South Africa showing how they use Facebook
3. viewing habits in India while showing how viewers actively engage and interpret Indian TV
4. stereotypes white people formed of non-white populations based on the media

7. Which of the following areas is NOT what cultural studies scholars are likely to be interested in with regard to the media?

1. studying reality TV
2. measuring direct media effects
3. exploring media genres such as soap operas
4. analysing the popular culture

8. What does the term ‘hegemony’ refer to?

1. the impacts of media convergence and globalization that can be seen in a number of transnational television channels
2. Mass media can influence the thinking and values of a specific society, while audiences willingly consent to the dominant meanings.
3. global and local cultural encounter
4. the equal distribution of media products to different societies

9. Which of the following questions is likely to be addressed by the media political economy scholars?

1. why are women in dominant media represented in a sexualized way
2. who owns and controls the media
3. do ethnic media have the same media effects on immigrants as mainstream media
4. how do media reduce stereotypes

10. Most countries treat broadcasting as a national public resource with a unique responsibility to represent and support national culture, and to inform and educate the public in a quality manner. What is a classic example of a public broadcaster?

1. CNN
2. Al Jazeera
3. CBC
4. British Broadcasting Corporation