Answer:

The two ways in which cohesive references can be made to other parts of the text are:

• Anaphorical references – these refer readers back to something already mentioned.

• Cataphorical references – these point the reader forwards and are often used for dramatic effect/to heighten suspense.

Answer:

The three types of reference tie are personal, demonstrative and comparative.

Answer:

Substitution is where a word, phrase or clause is substituted in a following sentence for one with a similar grammatical function rather than repeating the original.

Answer:

Ellipsis is where words are omitted rather than having an inelegant repetition – the reader supplies these to make sense of the sentence.

Answer:

The four types of conjunction are:

• Additive conjunctions – these add on a clause/sentence as if it were additional information or an afterthought.

• Adversative conjunctions – these draw a contrast between the clause/sentence that they introduce/are contained in and the preceding clause/sentence.

• Causal conjunctions – these make a link of cause or consequence between two clauses or sentences.

• Temporal conjunctions – these make a time link, usually of a sequential nature.

Answer:

Lexical cohesion is where two words in a text are semantically related in terms of their meaning, either by reiteration or collocation.