An Introduction to Qualitative Research
Student Resources
Stage of the research process
1. Theoretical foundations
In this article, a more recent balance of developments of the state and future of qualitative research is presented, also covering aspects such as the globalization and focusing on the societal relevance of qualitative research.
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APA | Flick, U. (2015). Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 at 20? Developments, Trends, and Challenges for the Politics of Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(7), 599-608. doi: 10.1177/1077800415583296 |
Chicago | Flick, Uwe. 2015. "Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 At 20? Developments, Trends, And Challenges For The Politics Of Research". Qualitative Inquiry 21 (7): 599-608. doi:10.1177/1077800415583296. |
Harvard | Flick, U. (2015). Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 at 20? Developments, Trends, and Challenges for the Politics of Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(7), pp.599-608. |
MLA | Flick, Uwe. "Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 At 20? Developments, Trends, And Challenges For The Politics Of Research". Qualitative Inquiry, vol 21, no. 7, 2015, pp. 599-608. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1077800415583296. |
This article discusses the use of mixed methods in the context of a triangulation study as a way of strengthening the theoretical framework of mixed methods.
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APA | Flick, U., Garms-Homolová, V., Herrmann, W., Kuck, J., & Röhnsch, G. (2012). “I Can’t Prescribe Something Just Because Someone Asks for It . . .”. Journal Of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 97-110. doi: 10.1177/1558689812437183 |
Chicago | Flick, Uwe, Vjenka Garms-Homolová, Wolfram J. Herrmann, Joachim Kuck, and Gundula Röhnsch. 2012. "“I Can’t Prescribe Something Just Because Someone Asks For It . . .”". Journal Of Mixed Methods Research 6 (2): 97-110. doi:10.1177/1558689812437183. |
Harvard | Flick, U., Garms-Homolová, V., Herrmann, W., Kuck, J. and Röhnsch, G. (2012). “I Can’t Prescribe Something Just Because Someone Asks for It . . .”. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), pp.97-110. |
MLA | Flick, Uwe et al. "“I Can’t Prescribe Something Just Because Someone Asks For It . . .”". Journal Of Mixed Methods Research, vol 6, no. 2, 2012, pp. 97-110. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1558689812437183. |
This article tempers the excitement and expectations concerning mixed methods and illustrates why qualitative research still has its relevance in times of mixed methods.
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APA | Flick, U. (2017). Mantras and Myths: The Disenchantment of Mixed-Methods Research and Revisiting Triangulation as a Perspective. Qualitative Inquiry, 23(1), 46-57. doi: 10.1177/1077800416655827 |
Chicago | Flick, Uwe. 2017. "Mantras And Myths: The Disenchantment Of Mixed-Methods Research And Revisiting Triangulation As A Perspective". Qualitative Inquiry 23 (1): 46-57. doi:10.1177/1077800416655827. |
Harvard | Flick, U. (2017). Mantras and Myths: The Disenchantment of Mixed-Methods Research and Revisiting Triangulation as a Perspective. Qualitative Inquiry, 23(1), pp.46-57. |
MLA | Flick, Uwe. "Mantras And Myths: The Disenchantment Of Mixed-Methods Research And Revisiting Triangulation As A Perspective". Qualitative Inquiry, vol 23, no. 1, 2017, pp. 46-57. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1077800416655827. |
This article outlines a multi-perspective comparative approach to qualitative research.
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APA | Frost, N., Nolas, S., Brooks-Gordon, B., Esin, C., Holt, A., Mehdizadeh, L., & Shinebourne, P. (2010). Pluralism in Qualitative Research: the Impact of Different Researchers and Qualitative Approaches on the Analysis of Qualitative Data. Qualitative Research, 10(4), 441-460. doi: 10.1177/1468794110366802 |
Chicago | Frost, Nollaig, Sevasti Melissa Nolas, Belinda Brooks-Gordon, Cigdem Esin, Amanda Holt, Leila Mehdizadeh, and Pnina Shinebourne. 2010. "Pluralism In Qualitative Research: The Impact Of Different Researchers And Qualitative Approaches On The Analysis Of Qualitative Data". Qualitative Research 10 (4): 441-460. doi:10.1177/1468794110366802. |
Harvard | Frost, N., Nolas, S., Brooks-Gordon, B., Esin, C., Holt, A., Mehdizadeh, L. and Shinebourne, P. (2010). Pluralism in Qualitative Research: the Impact of Different Researchers and Qualitative Approaches on the Analysis of Qualitative Data. Qualitative Research, 10(4), pp.441-460. |
MLA | Frost, Nollaig et al. "Pluralism In Qualitative Research: The Impact Of Different Researchers And Qualitative Approaches On The Analysis Of Qualitative Data". Qualitative Research, vol 10, no. 4, 2010, pp. 441-460. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1468794110366802. |
This chapter outlines theoretical assumptions of qualitative data analysis, which give some orientation about how to conceive qualitative research in general from a critical realist perspective.
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APA | Maxwell, J. & Chmiel, M. (2014). Notes toward a theory of qualitative data analysis. In Flick, U. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 21-34). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Maxwell, Joseph A. and Margaret Chmiel. "Notes Toward a Theory of Qualitative Data Analysis." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 21-34. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Maxwell, J & Chmiel, M 2014, 'Notes toward a theory of qualitative data analysis', in The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 21-34, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Maxwell, Joseph A. and Margaret Chmiel. "Notes Toward a Theory of Qualitative Data Analysis." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 21-34. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
This chapter gives a concise overview of Objective Hermeneutics with several suggestions for how to do research with this method.
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APA | Wernet, A. (2014). Hermeneutics and objective hermeneutics. In Flick, U. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 234-246). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Wernet, Andreas. "Hermeneutics and Objective Hermeneutics." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 234-246. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Wernet, A 2014, 'Hermeneutics and objective hermeneutics', in The sage handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 234-246, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Wernet, Andreas. "Hermeneutics and Objective Hermeneutics." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 234-246. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Here the idea of social constructionism is turned into methodological issues and suggestions for how to use it when studying people’s everyday knowledge about a specific topic.
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APA | Flick, U. (1994). Social Representations and the Social Construction of Everyday Knowledge. Theoretical and Methodological Queries. Social Science Information, 33(2), 179-197. doi: 10.1177/053901894033002003 |
Chicago | Flick, Uwe. 1994. "Social Representations And The Social Construction Of Everyday Knowledge. Theoretical And Methodological Queries". Social Science Information 33 (2): 179-197. doi:10.1177/053901894033002003. |
Harvard | Flick, U. (1994). Social Representations and the Social Construction of Everyday Knowledge. Theoretical and Methodological Queries. Social Science Information, 33(2), pp.179-197. |
MLA | Flick, Uwe. "Social Representations And The Social Construction Of Everyday Knowledge. Theoretical And Methodological Queries". Social Science Information, vol 33, no. 2, 1994, pp. 179-197. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/053901894033002003. |
2. Research question
This article is based on an empirical study about how research questions in the research practice in organization studies are formulated, where such questions come from and which aims are driving the selection and formulation of research questions. It also addresses the role of the existing literature in this context. This can give advice for developing one’s own research question.
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APA | Sandberg, J., & Alvesson, M. (2010). Ways of constructing research questions: gap-spotting or problematization?. Organization, 18(1), 23-44. doi: 10.1177/1350508410372151 |
MLA | Sandberg, Jörgen, and Mats Alvesson. "Ways Of Constructing Research Questions: Gap-Spotting Or Problematization?". Organization, vol 18, no. 1, 2010, pp. 23-44. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1350508410372151. |
Harvard | Sandberg, J. and Alvesson, M. (2010). Ways of constructing research questions: gap-spotting or problematization?. Organization, 18(1), pp.23-44. |
Chicago | Sandberg, Jörgen, and Mats Alvesson. 2010. "Ways Of Constructing Research Questions: Gap-Spotting Or Problematization?". Organization 18 (1): 23-44. doi:10.1177/1350508410372151. |
3. Research design
This article addresses the issue of research design for the area of qualitative social work research.
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APA | Shaw, I., Ramatowski, A., & Ruckdeschel, R. (2013). Patterns, Designs and Developments in Qualitative Research in Social Work: A Research Note. Qualitative Social Work, 12(6), 732-749. doi: 10.1177/1473325013488161 |
Chicago | Shaw, Ian, Ann Ramatowski, and Roy Ruckdeschel. 2013. "Patterns, Designs And Developments In Qualitative Research In Social Work: A Research Note". Qualitative Social Work 12 (6): 732-749. doi:10.1177/1473325013488161. |
Harvard | Shaw, I., Ramatowski, A. and Ruckdeschel, R. (2013). Patterns, Designs and Developments in Qualitative Research in Social Work: A Research Note. Qualitative Social Work, 12(6), pp.732-749. |
MLA | Shaw, Ian et al. "Patterns, Designs And Developments In Qualitative Research In Social Work: A Research Note". Qualitative Social Work, vol 12, no. 6, 2013, pp. 732-749. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1473325013488161. |
4. Ethics
This article describes the qualitative research process from an ethical and epistemological point of view.
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APA | Sörensson, E., & Kalman, H. (2017). Care and Concern in the Research Process: Meeting Ethical and Epistemological Challenges through Multiple Engagements and Dialogue with Research Subjects. Qualitative Research, 146879411774346. doi: 10.1177/1468794117743466 |
Chicago | Sörensson, Erika, and Hildur Kalman. 2017. "Care And Concern In The Research Process: Meeting Ethical And Epistemological Challenges Through Multiple Engagements And Dialogue With Research Subjects". Qualitative Research, 146879411774346. doi:10.1177/1468794117743466. |
Harvard | Sörensson, E. and Kalman, H. (2017). Care and Concern in the Research Process: Meeting Ethical and Epistemological Challenges through Multiple Engagements and Dialogue with Research Subjects. Qualitative Research, p.146879411774346. |
MLA | Sörensson, Erika, and Hildur Kalman. "Care And Concern In The Research Process: Meeting Ethical And Epistemological Challenges Through Multiple Engagements And Dialogue With Research Subjects". Qualitative Research, 2017, p. 146879411774346. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1468794117743466. |
In this article ethical and methodological issues of the work with participants’ statements in publications are discussed in detail.
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APA | Taylor, S. (2012). ‘One participant said …’: the Implications of Quotations from Biographical Talk. Qualitative Research, 12(4), 388-401. doi: 10.1177/1468794111433086 |
Chicago | Taylor, Stephanie. 2012. "‘One Participant Said …’: The Implications Of Quotations From Biographical Talk". Qualitative Research 12 (4): 388-401. doi:10.1177/1468794111433086. |
Harvard | Taylor, S. (2012). ‘One participant said …’: the Implications of Quotations from Biographical Talk. Qualitative Research, 12(4), pp.388-401. |
MLA | Taylor, Stephanie. "‘One Participant Said …’: The Implications Of Quotations From Biographical Talk". Qualitative Research, vol 12, no. 4, 2012, pp. 388-401. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1468794111433086. |
In this article, a more recent balance of developments of the state and future of qualitative research is presented, also covering aspects such as the globalization and focusing on the societal relevance of qualitative research.
Convention | Citation |
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APA | Flick, U. (2015). Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 at 20? Developments, Trends, and Challenges for the Politics of Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(7), 599-608. doi: 10.1177/1077800415583296 |
Chicago | Flick, Uwe. 2015. "Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 At 20? Developments, Trends, And Challenges For The Politics Of Research". Qualitative Inquiry 21 (7): 599-608. doi:10.1177/1077800415583296. |
Harvard | Flick, U. (2015). Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 at 20? Developments, Trends, and Challenges for the Politics of Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(7), pp.599-608. |
MLA | Flick, Uwe. "Qualitative Inquiry—2.0 At 20? Developments, Trends, And Challenges For The Politics Of Research". Qualitative Inquiry, vol 21, no. 7, 2015, pp. 599-608. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1077800415583296. |
This article presents a widely discussed suggestion for general criteria specific for qualitative research.
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APA | Tracy, S. (2010). Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837-851. doi: 10.1177/1077800410383121 |
Chicago | Tracy, Sarah J. 2010. "Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria For Excellent Qualitative Research". Qualitative Inquiry 16 (10): 837-851. doi:10.1177/1077800410383121. |
Harvard | Tracy, S. (2010). Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), pp.837-851. |
MLA | Tracy, Sarah J. "Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria For Excellent Qualitative Research". Qualitative Inquiry, vol 16, no. 10, 2010, pp. 837-851. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1077800410383121. |
5. Literature review
This article discusses the relevance of literature reviews in qualitative research and in particular for grounded theory research.
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APA | Tummers, L., & Karsten, N. (2011). Reflecting on the Role of Literature in Qualitative Public Administration Research. Administration & Society, 44(1), 64-86. doi: 10.1177/0095399711414121 |
MLA | Tummers, Lars, and Niels Karsten. "Reflecting On The Role Of Literature In Qualitative Public Administration Research". Administration & Society, vol 44, no. 1, 2011, pp. 64-86. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/0095399711414121. |
Harvard | Tummers, L. and Karsten, N. (2011). Reflecting on the Role of Literature in Qualitative Public Administration Research. Administration & Society, 44(1), pp.64-86. |
Chicago | Tummers, Lars, and Niels Karsten. 2011. "Reflecting On The Role Of Literature In Qualitative Public Administration Research". Administration & Society 44 (1): 64-86. doi:10.1177/0095399711414121. |
6. Sampling
This article describes sampling participants and its results for interview studies also with a focus on who was left out.
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APA | Rapley, T. (2014). Sampling strategies in qualitative research. In Flick, U. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 49-63). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Rapley, Tim. "Sampling Strategies in Qualitative Research." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 49-63. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Rapley, T 2014, 'Sampling strategies in qualitative research', in The sage handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 49-63, [Accessed 28 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Rapley, Tim. "Sampling Strategies in Qualitative Research." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 49-63. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 28 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
This chapter has a focus on sampling in the light of data analysis.
Convention | Citation |
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APA | Rapley, T. (2014). Sampling strategies in qualitative research. In Flick, U. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 49-63). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Rapley, Tim. "Sampling Strategies in Qualitative Research." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 49-63. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Rapley, T 2014, 'Sampling strategies in qualitative research', in The sage handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 49-63, [Accessed 28 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Rapley, Tim. "Sampling Strategies in Qualitative Research." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 49-63. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 28 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
7. Data collection
Bogner, A., Littig, B. and Menz, W. (2018) “Collecting Data with Experts and Elites,” in U. Flick (ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. London: SAGE. pp. 652-67.
This chapter presents a focused introduction to doing expert and elite interviews.
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APA | Bogner, A., Littig, B. & Menz, W. (2018). Generating qualitative data with experts and elites. In Flick, U. The sage handbook of qualitative data collection (pp. 652-665). 55 City Road, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781526416070 |
Chicago | Bogner, Alexander, Beate Littig and Wolfgang Menz. "Generating Qualitative Data with Experts and Elites." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, 652-665. 55 City Road, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018. doi: 10.4135/9781526416070. |
Harvard | Bogner, A, Littig, B & Menz, W 2018, 'Generating qualitative data with experts and elites', in The sage handbook of qualitative data collection, SAGE Publications Ltd, 55 City Road, London, pp. 652-665, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781526416070. |
MLA | Bogner, Alexander, et al. "Generating Qualitative Data with Experts and Elites." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. Flick, Uwe 55 City Road: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018, pp. 652-665. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781526416070. |
This chapter summarizes the method concisely including some practical advice.
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APA | O'Connor, H., Madge, C., Shaw, R. & Wellens, J. (2008). Internet-based interviewing. In Fielding, N., Lee, R. M., & Blank, G. The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 271-289). : SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9780857020055 |
Chicago | O'Connor, Henrietta, Clare Madge, Robert Shaw and Jane Wellens. "Internet-based Interviewing." In The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods, 271-289. : SAGE Publications, Ltd, 2008. doi: 10.4135/9780857020055. |
Harvard | O'Connor, H, Madge, C, Shaw, R & Wellens, J 2008, 'Internet-based interviewing', in The sage handbook of online research methods, SAGE Publications, Ltd, , pp. 271-289, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9780857020055. |
MLA | O'Connor, Henrietta, et al. "Internet-based Interviewing." The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods. Fielding, Nigel, editor, et al. : SAGE Publications, Ltd, 2008, pp. 271-289. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9780857020055. |
This article describes the process of access to field sites and gives some practical advice.
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APA | Bondy, C. (2013). How did I get here? The social process of accessing field sites. Qualitative Research, 13(5), 578-590. doi: 10.1177/1468794112442524 |
Chicago | Bondy, Christopher. 2013. "How Did I Get Here? The Social Process Of Accessing Field Sites". Qualitative Research 13 (5): 578-590. doi:10.1177/1468794112442524. |
Harvard | Bondy, C. (2013). How did I get here? The social process of accessing field sites. Qualitative Research, 13(5), pp.578-590. |
MLA | Bondy, Christopher. "How Did I Get Here? The Social Process Of Accessing Field Sites". Qualitative Research, vol 13, no. 5, 2013, pp. 578-590. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1468794112442524. |
This article gives an overview of the research done with blogs and of how it is done.
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APA | Wilson, E., Kenny, A., & Dickson-Swift, V. (2015). Using Blogs as a Qualitative Health Research Tool: A Scoping Review. International Journal Of Qualitative Methods, 14(5), 160940691561804. doi: 10.1177/1609406915618049 |
Chicago | Wilson, Elena, Amanda Kenny, and Virginia Dickson-Swift. 2015. "Using Blogs As A Qualitative Health Research Tool: A Scoping Review". International Journal Of Qualitative Methods 14 (5): 160940691561804. doi:10.1177/1609406915618049. |
Harvard | Wilson, E., Kenny, A. and Dickson-Swift, V. (2015). Using Blogs as a Qualitative Health Research Tool: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(5), |
MLA | Wilson, Elena et al. "Using Blogs As A Qualitative Health Research Tool: A Scoping Review". International Journal Of Qualitative Methods, vol 14, no. 5, 2015, p. 160940691561804. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1609406915618049. |
8. Data transcription
Bucholtz, M. (2007) “Variation in transcription,” Discourse Studies, 9: 784-808.
This article discusses versions of transcribing for practical problems and benefits.
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APA | Bucholtz, M. (2007). Variation in transcription. Discourse Studies, 9(6), 784-808. doi: 10.1177/1461445607082580 |
Chicago | Bucholtz, Mary. 2007. "Variation In Transcription". Discourse Studies 9 (6): 784-808. doi:10.1177/1461445607082580. |
Harvard | Bucholtz, M. (2007). Variation in transcription. Discourse Studies, 9(6), pp.784-808. |
MLA | Bucholtz, Mary. "Variation In Transcription". Discourse Studies, vol 9, no. 6, 2007, pp. 784-808. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1461445607082580. |
9. Data analysis
Ideas for analyzing focus groups with an emphasis on the interaction in the group are presented here as a practical orientation.
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APA | Halkier, B. (2010). Focus groups as social enactments: integrating interaction and content in the analysis of focus group data. Qualitative Research, 10(1), 71-89. doi: 10.1177/1468794109348683 |
Chicago | Halkier, Bente. 2010. "Focus Groups As Social Enactments: Integrating Interaction And Content In The Analysis Of Focus Group Data". Qualitative Research 10 (1): 71-89. doi:10.1177/1468794109348683. |
Harvard | Halkier, B. (2010). Focus groups as social enactments: integrating interaction and content in the analysis of focus group data. Qualitative Research, 10(1), pp.71-89. |
MLA | Halkier, Bente. "Focus Groups As Social Enactments: Integrating Interaction And Content In The Analysis Of Focus Group Data". Qualitative Research, vol 10, no. 1, 2010, pp. 71-89. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1468794109348683. |
This chapter gives an overview of analyzing documents.
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APA | Coffey, A. (2014). Analysing documents. In Flick, U. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 367-379). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Coffey, Amanda. "Analysing Documents." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 367-379. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Coffey, A 2014, 'Analysing documents', in The sage handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 367-379, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Coffey, Amanda. "Analysing Documents." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 367-379. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
This chapter is devoted to how to work with digital data.
Convention | Citation |
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APA | Marotzki, W., Holze, J. & Verständig, D. (2014). Analysing virtual data. In Flick, U. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 450-464). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Marotzki, Winfried, Jens Holze and Dan Verständig. "Analysing Virtual Data." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 450-464. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Marotzki, W, Holze, J & Verständig, D 2014, 'Analysing virtual data', in The sage handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 450-464, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Marotzki, Winfried, et al. "Analysing Virtual Data." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 450-464. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Flick, U. (2014b) “Mapping the Field”, in U. Flick (ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage. pp. 3–18.
This chapter gives you a comparative overview of analytic methods in qualitative research by presenting methods in more detail.
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APA | Flick, U. (2014). Mapping the field. In Flick, U. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (pp. 3-18). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243 |
Chicago | Flick, Uwe. "Mapping the Field." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, 3-18. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
Harvard | Flick, U 2014, 'Mapping the field', in The sage handbook of qualitative data analysis, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp. 3-18, [Accessed 29 June 2018], doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
MLA | Flick, Uwe. "Mapping the Field." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. Flick, Uwe, editor London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014, pp. 3-18. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 29 Jun. 2018, doi: 10.4135/9781446282243. |
10. Writing up research
These authors give advice of how to make qualitative research findings relevant beginning with the style of writing when presenting them.
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APA | Sandelowski, M., & Leeman, J. (2012). Writing Usable Qualitative Health Research Findings. Qualitative Health Research, 22(10), 1404-1413. doi: 10.1177/1049732312450368 |
Chicago | Sandelowski, Margarete, and Jennifer Leeman. 2012. "Writing Usable Qualitative Health Research Findings". Qualitative Health Research 22 (10): 1404-1413. doi:10.1177/1049732312450368. |
Harvard | Sandelowski, M. and Leeman, J. (2012). Writing Usable Qualitative Health Research Findings. Qualitative Health Research, 22(10), pp.1404-1413. |
MLA | Sandelowski, Margarete, and Jennifer Leeman. "Writing Usable Qualitative Health Research Findings". Qualitative Health Research, vol 22, no. 10, 2012, pp. 1404-1413. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1049732312450368. |