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  • Why Me-asurement? An Introduction
  • One Potato, Two Potatoes . . . Levels of Measurement and Their Importance
  • Getting It Right Every Time: Reliability and Its Importance
  • The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing But the Truth: Validity and Its Importance
  • Welcome to Lake Woebegone, Where All the Children Are Above Average: Norms and Percentiles
  • Item Response Theory: The “New” Kid on the Block
  • Short-Answer and Completion Items: Baskin Robbins® Has __ Flavors
  • Essay Items—Hope You Can Write
  • Multiple-Choice Items: Always Pick Answer C and You’ll Be Right About 25% of the Time
  • Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match: Matching Items
  • True–False Tests: T or F? I Passed My First Measurement Test
  • Portfolios: Seeing the Big Picture
  • So, Tell Me About Your Childhood: Interesting Interviews
  • Achievement Tests: Who Really Discovered America?
  • Personality and Neuropsychological Testing: Type A, B, or Me?
  • Aptitude Tests: What’s in Store for Me?
  • Intelligence Tests: That Rubik’s Cube Is Driving Me Nuts
  • Career Choices: So You Want to Be a What?
  • Test Bias: Fair for Everyone?
  • The Law, Testing, and Ethics: No Child (Should Be) Left Behind and Other Very Interesting Stuff
  • Appendix A: Your Tests and Measurement Statistics Toolkit
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Student Resources

This site is intended to enhance your use of Tests & Measurement for People Who (Think They) Hate Tests & Measurement, Third Edition, by Neil J. Salkind. Please note that all the materials on this site are especially geared toward maximizing your understanding of the material.

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Test Bias: Fair for Everyone?

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SAGE Journal Articles

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Reynolds, C. R. (1983). Test bias: In God we trust; all others must have data. Journal of Special Education, 17, 241–260.

Elder, C. (1997). What does test bias have to do with fairness? Language Testing, 14, 261–277.

Xiaoming, X. (2010). How do we go about investigating test fairness? Language Testing, 27, 147–170.

Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2011, November). Revision of the career maturity inventory: The adaptability form. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 355–374.

Xi, X. (2010, April). How do we go about investigating test fairness? Language Testing, 27(2), 147–170.

Kane, M. (2010, April). Validity and fairness. Language Testing, 27(2), 177–182.

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