Self-check questions and answers

1. What five dimensions of policing were outlined by Loader?

Answer:

policing by govern¬ment; policing through government; policing above government; policing beyond government; policing below government

2. How many firms were members of the British Security Industry Association (BSIA) in 2011?

Answer:

503

3. How did Shearing and Stenning explain the growth of the private security sector?

Answer:

in terms of the expansion of ‘mass private property’

4. How might the notion of ‘responsibilisation’ be defined in the context of private security?

Answer:

whereby the onus to provide for personal security is transferred from state to citizen

5. What body was established by the 2001 Private Security Industry Act to regulate the sector?

Answer:

Security Industry Authority

6. Which piece of legislation introduced Suspicious Activity Reports as a response to money laundering?

Answer:

2002 Proceeds of Crime Act

7. What is the name of civil orders introduced by the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act to quell low-level nuisance behaviour?

Answer:

Anti-Social Behaviour Order

8. How did Wakefield characterise police patrol work?

Answer:

‘the activity of visible patrolling could … be seen as the policing activity of choice for the citizen least troubled by crime’

9. For what reasons did Jones and Newburn argue that the pluralisation thesis exagger¬ates the transition from the public policing model?

Answer:

the state was never a monopoly provider; many agencies are only loosely engaged in ‘multi-agency partnerships’; private sector discipline has not debunked the public sector ethos in public policing

10. Which occupations did Zedner suggest were eighteenth-century forerunners of the ‘extended police family’?

Answer:

‘thief takers’, turnpike keepers, pawnbrokers, and inn-keepers

11. To what broader social and political processes do Hudson (2003) and Loader (1999) relate the development of technology in policing?

Answer:

private prudentialism, consumer culture, and neo-liberalism

12. In which specific environment have CCTV cameras been introduced to monitor officer behaviour?

Answer:

custody suites