1. Hirschsprung’s disease is a condition affecting the bowel that is caused by:

1. Failure of abdominal wall to close
2. Abnormal closure of duodenum
3. Failure of bowel to coil up in correct position
4. Absence of ganglion cells in the sub mucosa of distal bowel

2. Family focused pre-operative preparation can:

1. Increase the need for analgesia postoperatively
2. Reduce anxiety and improve recovery times
3. Reduce the family’s ability to cope with stress
4. Increase anxiety and decrease recovery times

3. Play preparation is essential for:

1. Children less than 5 years of age
2. Children less than 10 years of age
3. Children and young people of all ages
4. Young people over the age of 12 years of age

4. Hypothermia in children pre-operatively may cause tissue hypoxia due to:

1. An increase in metabolic rate and oxygen consumption
2. A decrease of acid in the blood
3. An increase of acid in the blood
4. A decrease in metabolic rate and oxygen consumption

5. Wound edges contract and close during the:

1. Granulation phase
2. Epithelialisation stage
3. Inflammatory stage
4. Maturation phase