Journal Article 1: This study examined pain associated with wound care procedures and evaluated the effectiveness of high-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (HI-TENS) in reducing this pain. The findings demonstrate that pain during wound care procedures is a significant problem and although nurses appropriately administer analgesics, these are not sufficient. Using HI-TENS may further reduce pain, particularly in patients experiencing severe wound care procedure pain.

Gardner, S., Blodgett, N., Hillis, S., Borhart, E., Malloy, L., Abbott, L., . . . Rakel, B. A. (2014). HI-TENS reduces moderate-to-severe pain associated with most wound care procedures: A pilot study. Biological Research for Nursing, 16(3), 310–319.

Journal Article 2: This article reviews the recent literature on the most significant factors that affect cutaneous wound healing and the mechanisms involved.

Guo, S., & DiPietro, L. A. (2010). Factors affecting wound healing. Journal of Dental Research, 89(3), 219–229.

Journal Article 3: Healed or open venous ulcers may be present in up to 1 per cent of western populations and consume a large amount of healthcare resources. A number of specialised wound dressing products are now available, although there is little solid evidence to guide the choice of primary dressings.

Meissner, M. (2014). Venous ulcer care: Which dressings are cost effective? Phlebology, 29, 174.