1. Which of the following has been implicated as a major factor affecting eating.

1. Leptin
2. Amylase
3. Pepsin
4. Serotonin
5. Lactase

2. Which of the following is not true regarding exercise?

1. Anaerobic exercises constitute strength training with the aim of increasing muscle capacity
2. Moderate exercise diminishes obesity and lowers overall cholesterol
3. Exercise functions as a primary and secondary method to prevent chronic diseases
4. Aerobic exercise particularly helps in strengthening heart and lung function
5. Exercise in humans is consistently associated with improved memory

3. Gut bacteria are:

1. Unable to affect eating behaviors when modified
2. Linked to heart disease through cytokine release
3. Especially influenced by hormones, but only in females
4. Similar in those who are thin and those who are heavy
5. Linked to insulin resistance, but not adiposity

4. Which nucleus within the hypothalamus controls the timing of sleep?

1. Paraventricular
2. Supraoptic
3. Dorsomedial
4. Suprachiasmatic
5. Ventromedial

5. Orthorexia refers to malnourishment resulting from:

1. Excessive use of ‘healthy’ diets
2. Premature feelings of fullness caused by impaired neuronal signaling
3. The strict elimination of gluten from one’s diet in the absence of gluten intolerance
4. Excessive neuronal messaging to cease eating
5. Obsessive measuring and overestimation of calorie intake

6. Erythropoietin:

1. Increases white blood cells that carry oxygen
2. Is used by most athletes
3. Increase oxygen carrying red blood cells
4. Increases BDNF expression in the amygdala
5. May singularly treat depression

7. Which of the following is not true regarding eating processes?

1. Stressors may increase food cravings
2. Food selection is exclusively governed by physiological processes
3. Stressors may reduce the tendency to eat
4. Ghrelin activity may influence food cravings in the presence of stressors
5. Stressors may affect reward processes related to food

8. Mechanical digestion includes:

1. Protein digestion with hydrochloric acid
2. Water and mineral reabsorption
3. Protein digestion with pepsin
4. Peristalsis, which aids in the mixing of food
5. Bile release to break down fats

9. Sugar:

1. May act as a pain reliever in adults
2. Is slowly released as a lasting source of energy
3. Can act to reduce pain in children
4. Preferences are determined by experiences, not genetics
5. Is fundamental to positive reward processing

10. Psychophysiologists may use the phrase ‘just noticeable difference’. What does this refer to?

1. The amount of weight that must be lost before it is noticeable (e.g., in fat vs thin people)
2. A moderate weight loss in overweight individuals
3. A large weight loss in obese individuals, which is required for the person to feel better
4. A moderate weight loss in obese individuals
5. A small weight loss in overweight individuals