1. What is a manipulation check and what is its purpose? [TY4.1]

1. A dependent measure used to check that manipulation of an independent variable has been successful.
2. An independent variable used to check that measurement of a dependent variable has been successful.
3. A measure used to check that an experiment has an independent variable.
4. An independent measure used to check that the operationalization is relevant.
5. A dependent measure used to check that an independent variable is sufficiently relevant.

2. Which of the following statements is true? [TY4.2]

1. Dependent variables that do not measure the most relevant theoretical variable are pointless.
2. A study that employs dependent variables that are sensitive enough to detect variation in the independent variable is a quasi-experiment.
3. Unless dependent variables are sufficiently sensitive they will not reveal the effects of manipulating an independent variable.
4. Unless dependent variables are sufficiently relevant they will not reveal the effects of manipulating an independent variable.
5. None of the above.

3. A team of researchers is interested in conducting an experiment in order to test an important theory. In order to draw appropriate conclusions from any experiment they conduct, which of the following statements is true? [TY4.3]

1. The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on dimensions of age, sex and intelligence.
2. The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on all dimensions.
3. The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on all dimensions that can be measured in that population.
4. The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on all dimensions relevant to the process being studied.
5. None of the above.

4. An experimenter conducts a study examining the effects of television violence on children’s aggressiveness. To do this she asks 40 schoolboys who display normal levels of aggressiveness to watch one violent video a week for 40 weeks. On a standard measure of aggressiveness, which she administers both before and after each video over the 40-week treatment, she finds that the boys are much more aggressive in the last 10 weeks of the study. Without knowing anything more about this study, which of the following can be ruled out as a threat to the internal validity of any conclusions she may seek to draw? [TY4.4]

1. History effects.
2. Maturation effects.
3. Mortality effects.
4. Regression to the mean.
5. Testing effects.

5. Which of the following can increase a researcher’s ability to generalize findings from a particular piece of research? [TY4.5]

1. Cheating.
2. Experimenter bias.
3. Deception and concealment.
4. Participants’ sensitivity to demand characteristics.
5. The use of unrepresentative samples.

6. A researcher conducts an experiment to investigate the effects of positive mood on memory. Mood is manipulated by giving participants a gift. In the experiment, before they are given a memory test, half of the participants are randomly assigned to a condition in which they are given a box of chocolates, and the other half are given nothing. Which of the following statements is not true? [TY4.6]

1. Mood is a between-subjects variable.
2. The experiment has two conditions.
3. The experiment includes a control condition.
4. The independent variable is manipulated within subjects.
5. Experimental control eliminates potential threats to the internal validity of the experiment.

7. Which of the following is a researcher’s overall objective in using matching? [TY4.7]

1. To control for extraneous variables in quasi-experimental designs.
2. To increase participants’ enjoyment of correlational research.
3. To ensure that participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
4. To ensure that groups of participants do not differ in age and sex.
5. To ensure that groups of participants do not differ in intelligence.

8. Which of the following threats to validity is the most difficult to control by improving experimental design? [TY4.8]

1. Maturation effects.
2. Cheating by experimenters.
3. History effects.
4. Sensitivity to demand characteristics.
5. Experimenter bias.

9. Some researchers decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effects of a new psychological therapy on people’s self-esteem. To do this they asked all their clients who were currently receiving treatment for low self-esteem to continue using an old therapy but treated all their new clients with the new therapy. A year later they found that clients subjected to the new therapy had much higher self-esteem. Which of the following statements is true? [TY4.9]

1. The greater self-esteem of the clients exposed to the new therapy resulted from the superiority of that therapy.
2. The greater self-esteem of the clients exposed to the new therapy resulted from the fact that the new clients were more optimistic than those who were previously receiving treatment.
3. The greater self-esteem of the clients exposed to the new therapy resulted from the fact that the new clients were less disillusioned with therapy than those who were previously receiving treatment.
4. The greater self-esteem of the clients exposed to the new therapy resulted from the fact that the new clients were more intelligent than those who were previously receiving treatment.
5. It is impossible to establish the validity of any of the above statements based on the results of this study.

10. An experimenter conducts an experiment to see whether people's reaction time is affected by their consumption of alcohol.  To do this, she conducts a study in which students from University A  describe symbols as ‘red’ ‘green’ or ‘blue’ before they consume two glasses of wine and students from University B describe symbols as  ‘red’ ‘green’ or ‘blue’ after they consume two glasses of wine.  She hypothesizes that reaction times will be slower and that there will be more errors in the responses of students who consume alcohol before reacting to the symbols. Which of the following statements is false?

1. It is appropriate to analyse the results using independent sample t-tests
2. Type of University is a potential experimental confound
3. The experiment has two dependent variables
4. The experiment has three independent variables
5. The experiment has a between-subjects design.

11. “Both (a) the process of constructing experiments and (b) the resulting structure of those experiments.” What research feature is this a glossary definition of?

1. Experimental design.
2. Constructive design.
3. Experimental structuration.
4. Solidification.
5. Experimental procedure.

12.  “A system for deciding how to arrange objects or events in a progressive series. These are used to assign relative magnitude to psychological and behavioural phenomena (e.g. intelligence or political attitudes).” What is this a glossary definition of?

1. A scale.
2. A measure.
3. A measurement.
4. A callibration.
5. A test.

13. “The principle that the more relevant a dependent variable is to the issue in which a researcher is interested, the less sensitive it may be to variation in the independent variable.” What is this a glossary definition of?

1. Systematic desensitization.
2. Random variation.
3. Meaurement error.
4. Relevance–sensitivity trade-off.
5. Inferential uncertainty.

14. “The extent to which a research finding can be generalized to other situations.” What is this a glossary definition of?

1. External validity
2. Generalization.
3. Induction.
4. Extendability.
5. Empirical applicability.

15. “Systematic change to an independent variable where the same participants are exposed to different levels of that variable by the experimenter.” What procedure is this a glossary definition of?

1. Random assignment.
2. Within-subjects manipulation.
3. Between-subjects manipulation.
4. Variable assignment.
5. Experimenter manipulation.