1. Surveys are preferred in some areas of psychology for which of the following reasons? [TY5.1]

1. They are usually cheaper.
2. They allow researchers to infer causal relationships.
3. They are more scientific because similar methods are used in astronomy and geology.
4. It is often impossible to manipulate the independent variables the researchers are interested in.
5. They use randomization to achieve random sampling.

2. A television news programme shows a murder case including video footage of the grieving parents of the victim. The television station then conducts an opinion poll in which it asks viewers to phone in and vote for or against the death penalty for murder. The results of the survey show that 83% of the 20,000 viewers who ring in are in favour of the death penalty. Which of the following statements is true? [TY5.2]

1. The results of this study can only be generalized to people who watch news programmes.
2. The results of this study can only be generalized to people who own a television.
3. The results of this study can only be generalized to people who care about the death penalty.
4. The results of this study can only be generalized when we know much more about the sampling method.
5. The results of this study can only be generalized if the bias created by showing the grieving parents is eliminated.

3. Which of the following can be a threat to the internal validity of longitudinal studies? [TY5.3]

1. Testing effects.
2. The IQ of the participants.
3. Sample size.
4. Maturation effects.
5. Both (a) and (d).

4. Which of the following statements is true? [TY5.4]

1. Questionnaires should not ask people to provide personal information.
2. Questionnaires should aim to obtain as much information from people as possible.
3. The order of items in a questionnaire is not particularly important.
4. Questionnaires should contain a mixture of open-ended and forced-choice items.
5. None of the above.

5. In a survey where the results are obtained from a representative random sample of a population, which of the following is true? [TY5.5]

1. The results can be generalized to that population.
2. The sample can only be obtained by simple random sampling.
3. The sampling procedure is similar to that used in most experimental research.
4. Both (a) and (b).
5. None of the above.

6. Which of the following statements about convenience sampling is true? [TY5.6]

1. It should always be avoided.
2. It is appropriate providing the sample size is extremely large.
3. It can be used under some circumstances.
4. It is a non-probability sampling technique.
5. Both (c) and (d).

7. Which of the following is likely to be a problem for non-reactive studies that use non-obtrusive measures? [TY5.7]

1. Social desirability effects.
2. Defining the probability of maturation for each member of the population.
3. Appropriate operationalization of variables.
4. Behavioural traces.
5. Both (c) and (d).

8. A team of researchers conducts a study in which they ask boys and girls from a local high school to complete a battery of psychological tests that investigate their social skills and levels of sociability. Ten years later they ask boys and girls from the same school to perform the same tests. Which of the following statements is false? [TY5.8]

1. The study has a successive cross-sectional design.
2. The research is invalid because developmental studies should not include psychological tests.
3. Testing effects are eliminated by using a between-subjects design.
4. Mortality effects are eliminated by using a between-subjects design.
5. Maturation effects are eliminated by using a between-subjects design.

9. Which of the following statements is most correct?

1. The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with reactivity.
2. The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with standardization.
3. The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with social desirability.
4. The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with reactivity and social desirability.
5. The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with reactivity, standardization and social desirability.

10. A researcher conducts a research project in which she surveys all the members of her local golf club. This is most likely to be an example of which of the following?

1. Purposive sampling.
2. Random sampling.
3. Simple random sampling.
4. Split ballot sampling.
5. None of the above.

11. “The extent to which people’s behaviour appears acceptable to other people. If behaviour is affected by people trying to behave in ways that they perceive to be desirable to the researcher then this threatens both the internal and external validity of research.” What construct does this glossary entry define?

1. Social desirability.
2. Self-presentation.
3. Deception.
4. Experimenter bias.
5. Participant bias.

12. “A listing of all members of the population of interest.” What is this a glossary definition of?

1. A sample brochure.
2. A population directory.
3. A sampling directory.
4. A sampling frame.
5. A full sample specification.

13. “A preliminary piece of research designed to ‘road-test’ various design elements (e.g. independent variables, dependent variables, details of procedure), in order to establish their viability and utility prior to the investment of time and money in a full study.” What type of study does this glassary entry define?

1. A sampling study.
2. A replication study.
3. A pre-test.
4. A pilot study.
5. A viability study.

14. “Studies where the same sample of participants is measured on more than one occasion.” What type of study is this a glossary definition of?

1. Longitudinal surveys
2. Carry-over surveys
3. Repeated-measures surveys
4. Cohort surveys
5. Population censuses

15. “Questionnaire items where a respondent has to select one response from two or more options.” What type of response is this a glossary definition of?

1. Selective response.
2. Forced-choice response.
3. Free response.
4. Likert-scale response.
5. Double-barrelled response.