1. The intentional stance is a way of understanding people’s action by paying attention to:

1. intention-in-action
2. prior intention
3. beliefs and desires
4. social institutions

2. As Piaget used the term, ‘egocentrism’ refers to:

1. a form of confusion
2. a form of selfishness
3. the capacity for decentered thinking
4. considering the world completely in terms of one’s own point of view

3. Level 2 perspective taking:

1. understanding that another person can see an object that one cannot see
2. understanding that another person can have beliefs that are incorrect
3. understanding that an object visible to two people will be seen in different ways
4. understanding that people have beliefs about the world

4. At what age do children generally solve false beliefs tasks?

1. 4 or 5
2. 6 or 7
3. 9 or 10
4. 11 or 12

5. Young children also understand people’s actions in terms of social conventions, characters, and conventional scenarios. This is called:

1. the customary stance
2. the conventional stance
3. the institutional stance
4. the intentional stance

6. Freud believed that an important consequence of gender identity in young children is:

1. identification with the mother
2. the formation of the Id
3. the formation of the superego
4. gender schemas

7. Nancy Chodorow emphasized the changing relationships with parents during early childhood:

1. young boys can continue to affiliate with the mother, while young girls have to differentiate from the mother
2. young boys have to differentiate from the father, while young girls can continue to affiliate with the father
3. young boys have to differentiate from the mother, while young girls can continue to affiliate with the mother
4. young boys have to differentiate from the father, while young girls can continue to affiliate with the mother

8. In early childhood, the young child is not yet capable of understanding:

1. institucional roles
2. conventional situations
3. customary uses of artefacts
4. contingencies

9. Caregivers who value obedience and are in favor of forceful punishment are said to be using which style of child-rearing?

1. permissive
2. authoritarian
3. authoritative
4. rejecting

10. According to Cigdem Kagitcibasi, the family model of psychological interdependence tends to encourage:

1. control, order, and autonomy
2. self-sufficiency
3. obedience
4. autonomy

11. What is the sequence of the development of verbal thinking in early childhood?

1. social speech; self-directed speech, covert speech
2. covert speech; self-directed speech; social speech
3. social speech; covert speech; self-directed speech
4. self-directed speech; social speech; covert speech

12. Piaget viewed thinking in early childhood as:

1. mental action using mental representations
2. mental action using material representations
3. covert speech 
4. self-directed speech, spoken out loud

13. During early childhood the brain grows:

1. from 80% of its adult weight to 90%
2. from 50% of its adult weight to 70% 
3. from 90% of its adult weight to 100% 
4. from 30% of its adult weight to 50%

14. The distinction between appearance and reality seems to emerge in which developmental stage?

1. toddlerhood
2. early childhood
3. middle childhood
4. adolescence