1. Who coined the name ‘genetic psychology’?

1. G. Stanley Hall
2. Arnold Gesell
3. Sigmund Freud
4. Jean Piaget

2. The notion that the development of an individual repeats the stages of the evolution of their race is known as:

1. recapitulation
2. ontogenesis
3. phylogenesis
4. evolution

3. What is a determinist?

1. someone who is very sure of their views
2. someone who believes that human behavior and development is due to causes over which the individual has no control
3. someone who considers human behavior and development to be determined by internal cognitive processes of choice and decision
4. someone who believes that the causes of human behavior and development can be determined scientifically

4. G. Stanley Hall was worried that specific environments (such as the modern city) would cause psychological developments to occur too early, and that this would be unhealthy for the child. What has his technical term for this phenomenon?

1. precocity
2. determinism
3. recapitulation
4. maturation

5. What environment did G. Stanley Hall consider best for middle childhood (6–11 years of age)?

1. the country
2. the city neighborhood
3. the school
4. the seaside

6. G. Stanley Hall believed that the best environment during middle childhood is one that provides the child an opportunity to do what is natural at this age: 

1. hunting, fishing, exploring
2. singing, dancing
3. watching television, going to the movies
4. making collections of stamps, rocks, dolls, and so on

7. Which of these scientific techniques for the study of children’s development did G. Stanley Hall introduce?

1. questionnaires
2. filmed observations
3. home visits
4. intelligence tests

8. Erik Erikson proposed that each stage of development involves a crisis. What is a crisis?

1. a turning point
2. a collapse
3. an emergency
4. a time of danger

9. Which of these scientific techniques for the study of children’s development did Arnold Gessel introduce?

1. the one-way mirror
2. the questionnaire
3. observations in the home
4. clinical interviews

10. What does a longitudinal design involve?

1. repeated measures of the same participants during a period of time
2. measures comparing participants of different ages
3. repeated measures of participants of different genders
4. measures comparing participants of the same age

11. What aspect of child development has evolved, according to John Bowlby?

1. the emotional bond between infant and caregiver
2. the ability to move independently
3. separation from caregivers
4. the desire to be a mother

12. When John Watson wrote ‘Damn Darwin!,’ what did his words imply?

1. he rejected evolutionary explanations of behavior and development
2. he was in a bad mood
3. he was a Creationist
4. he was providing negative reinforcement

13. For Skinner, development is the result of:

1. a continuous shaping process
2. maturation
3. recapitulation
4. sudden qualitative reorganization of behavior

14. Who named ‘behaviorism’?

1. John B. Watson
2. B. F. Skinner
3. Noam Chomsky
4. G. Stanley Hall

15. What advice did Watson give to parents?

1. be warm and loving with their children
2. expect changes of behavior with each stage of development
3. be objective, firm, and unsentimental
4. wait for their child to mature with age

16. Watson believed that innate personality characteristics caused a child to grow up to be a thief, or a lawyer:

1. true
2. false

17. What kind of ‘conditioning’ did Watson experiment with?

1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
3. air conditioning
4. social conditioning

18. Behaviorist conditioning can be found today in:

1. advertising
2. propaganda
3. transportation
4. school

19. Why did B. F. Skinner call his version of behaviorism ‘radical’?

1. it treated thoughts and feelings as behavior
2. it considered thoughts and feelings to be outside the scope of a scientific psychology
3. it proposed that thoughts and feelings do not exist
4. it aimed to explain behavior in terms of thoughts and feelings

20. Operant conditioning aims to condition what kind of behavior?

1. reflexes
2. emitted responses
3. only thoughts and feelings
4. respondents

21. Who wrote a very critical review of Skinner’s book Verbal Behavior?

1. Noam Chomsky
2. John B. Watson
3. Arnold Gesell
4. George Miller

22. What does the phenomenon of observational learning show?

1. children learn even when they are not receiving reinforcement from the environment
2. observing a model is a form of reinforcement
3. a model can condition children’s behavior
4. Televised violence is bad for children

23. Bandura considers self-regulation to be a consequence of:

1. the rewards or punishments that a child gives herself
2. regulation by a parent or caregivers
3. the result of a punitive environment
4. imitating a model

24. When development is viewed as a process that is like ‘sculpting a piece of clay,’ what is equivalent to the clay, and what is equivalent to the shaping?

1. the child’s behavior; the environment
2. the environment; the child’s behavior
3. the child’s mind; evolution
4. the child’s behavior; evolution

25. Which is these is not a component of a grammar, according to Chomsky?

1. a component that generates sequences of words with a correct syntactic structure
2. a component that generates the phonemes of the language
3. a component that assigns meaning to a sentence
4. a component that determines what is appropriate to say in specific circumstances

26. When we say that Chomsky is a nativist what do we refer to?

1. his belief that the capacity to learn a language is biologically based
2. his belief that the particular language a child learns to speak depends on her environment
3. his belief that language is based on syntax
4. his belief that all languages share common characteristics

27. Which two frameworks share the assumption that a child knows the world by forming mental representations?

1. cognitivism and constructivism
2. behaviorism and the genetic framework
3. constructivism and cultural psychology
4. cognitivism and cultural psychology

28. In general terms, what does a cognitive developmental psychologist try to reconstruct?

1. a child’s underlying competence
2. the child’s performance
3. what the child actually does
4. what the child says about what they do

29. We say that Piaget was a constructivist? What is constructed when a child develops?

1. the child constructs ways of knowing the world
2. the child is constructed
3. the child constructs the culture in which she lives
4. the child constructs him- or herself

30. What is a ‘genetic epistemologist’ interested in?

1. the origins of knowledge
2. the role of genes in knowledge
3. the origins of disease and how it spreads
4. the role of genes in disease and how it spreads

31. For Piaget, adaptation is a combination of:

1. assimilation and accommodation
2. assimilation and adaptation
3. accommodation and equilibration
4. equilibration and evolution

32. Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development comes first?

1. preoperational stage
2. concrete operational stage 
3. sensory-motor stage
4. formal operational stage

33. Which stage is profoundly different from the others in the character of its schemas?

1. sensory-motor stage
2. preoperational stage
3. concrete operational stage 
4. formal operational stage

34. What is the central outcome of sensory-motor intelligence?

1. the construction of knowledge of reality
2. the construction of material artifacts
3. the construction of schemas
4. the construction of equilibration

35. Piaget argued that children show innate differences in their intellectual ability.

1. true
2. false

36. Vygotsky insisted that consciousness is:

1. material
2. ideal
3. dualist
4. not relevant to psychology

37. Vygotsky proposed a distinction between two kinds of psychological functions. He called them:

1. lower and higher
2. sensory-motor and operational
3. cultural and historical
4. thought and language

38. According to Edwin Hutchins, what does it mean to conduct psychological research ‘in the wild’?

1. study people in the settings in which they live and work
2. study people in primitive societies
3. study people when they are angry
4. study children in exotic locations in far-away places