1. Which of these is not a component of the transition at 12 months?

1. the first words
2. the first steps
3. biological differentiation
4. primary intersubjectivity

2. At 12 months of age the human infant has a level of motor development comparable with:

1. a newborn great ape
2. a great ape aged 6 months
3. a great ape aged 12 months
4. a great ape aged 2 years

3. Charles Darwin studied his son’s emotions, and focused on:

1. facial expressions
2. subjective feelings
3. his own reactions to his son’s emotions
4. the movements of individual muscles

4. Precursor emotions in young infants are considered:

1. innate responses
2. learned behaviors
3. recapitulations of hominid evolution
4. primary circular reactions

5. In the past, caregivers were told to let their baby cry, to avoid reinforcing this behavior. What happens when caregivers respond promptly to a crying infant?

1. the amount of crying increases
2. the frequency of crying increases
3. crying is reduced, not increased
4. there is no change in the amount or frequency of cying

6. What is emotional contagion?

1. the crying of one baby induces other babies to cry
2. the crying of a baby tends to increase
3. when a baby cries because they are ill
4. the crying of one baby calms other babies

7. The natural biofeedback training that occurs when caregivers interpret an infant’s displays of emotion and act accordingly, encourages a shift:

1. from interpersonal regulation to intrapersonal regulation
2. from intrapersonal regulation to interpersonal regulation
3. from sensorimotor intelligence to operational intelligence
4. from emotion to reason

8. Synaptogenesis is:

1. the formation of synaptic connections between neurons
2. the pruning of synaptic connections between neurons
3. the birth (genesis) of new neurons
4. the reduction in synaptic density in regions of the brain

9. In which of the following areas does starting to walk not make a difference?

1. perception
2. spatial cognition
3. social and emotional behavior
4. gender

10. What has been called the ‘psychological birth’ of the infant?

1. walking
2. talking
3. weaning
4. childbirth

11. Social referencing is:

1. looking at a caregiver to obtain feedback about what is going on
2. signaling to another person about what is going on
3. being warned by a caregiver about what is going on
4. the social consequences of what is going on

12. Infants are able to produce many of the phonemes of their native language at what age?

1. at birth
2. 3 months
3. 9 months
4. 15 months

13. An infant’s first single-word utterances are produced:

1. to convey information and interact with people
2. to convey information, but not to interact with people
3. to interact with people, but not to convey information
4. neither to convey information or to interact with people

14. Infants’ single-word utterances have been given various names. Which of the following is not one of them:

1. holophrastic utterances
2. performatives
3. proto-imperatives and proto-declaratives
4. primary circular reactions

15. Bowlby offered a functional explanation of attachment behaviors:

1. they function to protect the child from danger
2. they function to keep temperature constant
3. they function to bind the child to the biological mother
4. they function to guarantee a supply of food