Using Quantitative Methods

This chapter discusses the use of measurement and statistics in research on counselling and psychotherapy. The sources outlined below provide further discussion of topics covered in the chapter. To learn about how statistical techniques work in real-life research contexts, it is necessary to read quantitative studies and follow-up any concepts and techniques you are not familiar with. This can be done through a combination of an online search, and consulting the sources listed below.

Articles on specific statistical concepts and techniques

Leech, N.L.,  Onwuegbuzie, A.J. & O’Conner, R. (2011). Assessing internal consistency in counseling research. Counseling Outcome Research
and Evaluation, 2, 115125. 

Explains different ways of estimating the reliability of a measure

Parent, M.C. (2013). Handling item-level missing data: simpler is just as good. Counseling Psychologist, 41, 568600. 

An inevitable problem in quantitative research is that the data are always complete – information gets lost, clients don’t return questionnaires, etc. This paper reviews options for handling such situations 
 

Sink, C. & Mvududu, M.H. (2010). Statistical power, sampling, and Effect Sizes: three keys to research relevancy. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1, 118.

Detailed and accessible discussion of these three key concepts

Mann, B. J., Gosens, T., & Lyman, S. (2012). Quantifying clinically significant change: a brief review of methods and presentation of a hybrid approach. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(10), 23852393. 

Useful explanation of the rationale for calculating clinically significant change, and clear outline of the Jacobson approach. Although this paper is in a sport medicine journal, what it offers is highly relevant for psychotherapy researchers

Calin-Jageman, R. J., & Cumming, G. (2019). The new statistics for better science: Ask how much, how uncertain, and what else is known. The American Statistician, 73(sup1), 271280.

Morling, B., & Calin-Jageman, R. J. (2020). What psychology teachers should know about open science and the new statistics. Teaching of Psychology, 47(2), 169179. 

These articles explain recent developments in statistics and explore their implications for applied disciplines such as psychotherapy

 

Articles on more advanced measurement issues

Osatuke, K., & Stiles, W. B. (2011). Numbers in assimilation research. Theory & Psychology, 21(2), 200219.

Discussion of the use of numbers in a predominantly qualitative programme of research into the assimilation model of change in therapy

Michell, J. (2021). “The art of imposing measurement upon the mind”: Sir Francis Galton and the genesis of the psychometric paradigm. Theory & Psychology. DOI: 10.1177/09593543211017671.

The latest in a series of papers, over more than 20 years, arguing that psychological states are not amenable to measurement