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Journal Article 1: Ford, J. A. (2009). Nonmedical prescription drug use among adolescents: The influence of bonds to family and school. Youth & Society, 40(3), 336-352.

Abstract: There has been a tremendous increase in the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug use among adolescents in recent years. Research now indicates that the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug use is greater than the prevalence of other illicit drug use, excluding marijuana. Despite these recent trends, there is a dearth of research in the social sciences on this issue. Furthermore, existing research on this topic is largely atheoretical. Using the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a nationally representative survey of persons age 12 and older, the current study examines the impact of social bonds to family and school on nonmedical prescription drug use among adolescents. The findings provide support for social control theory. Adolescents with strong bonds to family and school are less likely to report nonmedical prescription drug use. Important implications and future research needs are discussed.

Journal Article 2: Kim, J., Siennick, S. E., & Hay, C. (2018). The impact of strain on self-control: A longitudinal study of Korean adolescents. Youth & Society.

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to broaden our understanding of the predictors of self-control. We test how two types of strain variables (bullying victimization and grade dissatisfaction) influence the level of self-control during adolescence using three-wave panel data collected from Korean adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 16. We estimated two-level random effects regression models using hierarchical linear model(ing; HLM) 7.0. The results revealed that these two strain variables have negative, significant within-individual and between-individual effects on adolescent self-control. In addition, adolescents who have experienced a higher level of mean grade dissatisfaction over 3 years showed a more decreasing trajectory in the development of self-control during the same period. The result indicates that strainful circumstances can account for within-individual self-control deterioration as well as between-individual differences in the developmental trajectory of self-control.