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The Penal System

Sixth Edition
by Michael Cavadino, James Dignan, George Mair and Jamie Bennett

Student Resources

  • Key Legislation
    • Transforming Youth Custody 2013
    • Offender Rehabilitation Act 2014
    • Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015
  • Weblinks
    • Legislation
    • Official Parliamentary Reports on Penal Matters
    • Government Sources
    • Major Penal Agencies and Organisations
    • Penal Reform Organisations
    • Law Reform Organisations and Reviews
    • Useful Academic Sites
    • Other Useful Sites
  • Further Reading
    • Chapter One: Crisis? What crisis?
    • Chapter Two: Justifying punishment
    • Chapter Three: Explaining punishment
    • Chapter Four: Sentencing: the crux of the crisis
    • Chapter Five: Punishment in the community
    • Chapter Six: Prisons and the penal crisis
    • Chapter Seven: Early release: the penal system's safety valve
    • Chapter Eight: The youth justice system
    • Chapter Nine: Diversity and bias in the criminal justice system
    • Chapter Ten: Solving the crisis?

Chapter Four: Sentencing: the crux of the crisis

Morgan, R. (2003), ‘Thinking about the Demand for Probation Services’, Probation Journal, 50: 7.

Roberts, J. V. (2002), ‘Alchemy in Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentencing Reform Proposals in England and Wales’, Punishment & Society, 4: 425-442.

Millie, A., Tombs, J. and Hough, M. (2007), ‘Borderline Sentencing: A Comparison of Sentencers’ Decision Making in England and Wales, and Scotland’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 7(3): 243-267.

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