After reading this chapter, you should be able to
14.1 Explain the typical steps of nonexperimental quantitative research and describe
the nature of independent variables in nonexperimental quantitative research.
14.2 Describe the three necessary or required conditions for making a claim of cause
and effect.
14.3 Explain how nonexperimental research can be used to obtain probabilistic
evidence of causation.
14.4 Explain how to use each of the major techniques of control used in
nonexperimental quantitative research.
14.5 Explain how to use the Bradford Hill criteria to establish evidence of causation in
nonexperimental research.
14.6 Describe how the time dimension and the research objective dimension are crossed
to produce nine important types of nonexperimental quantitative research.
14.7 Compare cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective nonexperimental
research, including an example for each.
14.8 Compare descriptive, predictive, and explanatory nonexperimental research,
including an example for each.