1. The most useful term for describing the linguistic input to the language learning child is ______.

1. motherese
2. infant-directed speech
3. child-directed speech
4. caregiver speech

2. Chomsky (1965: 31) described the input to the language learning child as ______.

1. ‘fairly degenerate in quality’
2. ‘lacking in generative grammar’
3. ‘fairly gender-biased in quality’
4. ‘lacking in germane grammar’

3. Compared with adult-directed speech, the phonology of infant-directed speech is ______.

1. slower, with exaggerated pitch contours and generally lower in pitch
2. faster, with exaggerated pitch contours and longer pauses
3. slower, with exaggerated pitch contours and generally higher in pitch
4. faster, with exaggerated pitch contours and generally lower in pitch

4. Compared with adult-directed speech, the vocabulary of child-directed speech has a high frequency of ______.

1. concrete words which refer to the ‘here-and-now’
2. special ‘baby talk’ words (e.g. choo-choo for train)
3. abstract words specially adapted to the needs of the child
4. simplified names for objects and actions

5. Compared with ADS, the subject of a sentence in CDS is more likely to be ______.

1. an adjective
2. an agent
3. a verb
4. a preposition

6. The socioeconomic status of parents is associated with the frequency and diversity of ______.

1. ADS morphology
2. CDS morphology
3. ADS vocabulary
4. CDS vocabulary

7. By studying the effects of TV viewing on language learning, one can investigate the effects of ______.

1. input and interaction between the child and TV characters like the Teletubbies
2. input and interaction between children as they watch together
3. linguistic interaction in the absence of normal input
4. linguistic input in the absence of normal interaction

8. In his review of Skinner’s (1957) book on behaviourism and language learning, Chomsky (1959) argued that ______.

1. operant conditioning is inefficient because it relies on imitation
2. children acquire a good deal of their verbal behaviour by imitating adults
3. children do not rely on imitation in the acquisition of verbal behaviour
4. the acquisition of verbal behaviour depends on operant conditioning

9. Studies of imitation have shown that ______.

1. both parents and children imitate one another, but parental imitations are more accurate
2. children frequently imitate grammatical rules incorrectly and therefore require correction
3. children use imitation to improve the accuracy in reproducing grammatical rules
4. both parents and children imitate each other frequently

10. Children who are proficient imitators tend to have ______.

1. a heritability estimate for imitation greater than 30 per cent
2. a heritability estimate for imitation less than 30 per cent
3. relatively large vocabularies by six years of age
4. mothers with relatively large vocabularies

11. Negative evidence ______.

1. demonstrates that the child is still making grammatical errors
2. is information about the grammaticality of child utterances
3. is corrective information produced in an unsupportive manner
4. is less effective than positive evidence in eradicating grammatical errors

12. By using novel words in child language studies, the researcher can ______.

1. investigate the different mechanisms involved in novel versus real word acquisition
2. control for the effects of implausible phonological and semantic forms
3. control the input to the child, including frequency of occurrence of input forms
4. investigate the different mechanisms involved in positive versus negative language acquisition

13. Studies on corrective input have shown that ______.

1. negative evidence can facilitate language development
2. negative evidence is essential for language development
3. parents stop correcting child errors by the time the child is about three years old
4. parents start correcting child errors once the child is about three years old

14. If a culture was found where adults did not use CDS with their young children, then it could be concluded that ______.

1. CDS was not necessary for normal language acquisition
2. imitation was unnecessary for normal language acquisition
3. ADS was necessary for normal language acquisition
4. there was no difference between CDS and ADS in its effects on normal language acquisition

15. Heath’s (1983) study of African-Americans in Trackton, South Carolina, ______.

1. provides strong evidence for the universality of ADS
2. provides strong evidence for the universality of CDS
3. demonstrates how parental beliefs about child rearing affect language development
4. provides poor evidence to support the view that CDS is not universally available