1. In normal speech, it is impossible to tell where one word stops and the next word begins. This presents the language learning child with ______.

1. the coarticulation problem
2. coagulation problem
3. the segmentation problem
4. the spectrographic problem

2. The /p/ sounds in lip, lap, lop and loop are all physically different from one another due to ______.

1. coarticulation
2. coagulation
3. segmentation
4. spectrography

3. The concept of categorical perception refers to the perception of ______.

1. similarities in voice onset time (VOT) between different phonemes
2. physically identical sounds as a single phoneme category
3. differences in VOT between different phonemes
4. physically different sounds as a single phoneme category

4. The habituation method involves exposing the infant repeatedly to the same stimulus until interest wanes and then ______.

1. introducing a new stimulus to see if the infant can detect the difference
2. introducing an old stimulus to see if the infant can detect the difference
3. calculating how many trials it took for the infant to lose interest
4. calculating how many trials it took for the infant to detect a new stimulus

5. Eimas et al. (1971) used a variation of the habituation method known as high-amplitude sucking and found that the rate of sucking on a dummy increased when ______.

1. voice onset time (VOT) was used categorically to discriminate between two syllables
2. VOT was used non-categorically to discriminate between two syllables
3. the infant could perceive a difference between an old (habituated) stimulus and a new one
4. the infant recognized two habituated stimuli as identical

6. A minimal pair in phonology can be identified when ______.

1. two sounds are perceived as belonging in the same category
2. two sounds differ sufficiently to change the meaning of a phoneme sequence
3. the difference in voice onset time (VOT) between two sounds is more than 20 ms
4. the difference in VOT between two sounds is less than 20 ms

7. Very young infants can distinguish minimal pairs in ______.

1. their native language only from the age of six months
2. any language from the earliest time of testing (at least one month)
3. their native language only from the earliest time of testing (at least one month)
4. any language from the age of six monthsSection title

8. The ability to discriminate non-native phonemic contrasts ______.

1. deteriorates from about one month of age onwards
2. deteriorates from about eight months of age onwards
3. improves continuously from about one month of age onwards
4. improves continuously from about eight months of age onwards

9. Infants who perform well on tests of native language phoneme discrimination ______.

1. also perform well on tests of non-native contrasts
2. have relatively large areas of the brain dedicated to phonological processing
3. simultaneously do less well on tests of non-native contrasts
4. provide support for the Native Language Neural Commitment hypothesis

10. In probability theory, ______.

1. the outcome of a deductive inference is certain and incontestably true
2. the outcome of an inductive inference is certain and incontestably true
3. a deductive inference can be rejected by the use of statistics
4. an inductive inference can be rejected by the use of statistics

11. In Saffran et al. (1996), transitional probabilities represent the chance ______.

1. of a boundary occurring between one syllable and the next
2. of a boundary occurring between one word and the next
3. that one syllable will follow another
4. that one word will follow another

12. Eight-month-old infants can detect three-syllable words when the transitional probabilities ______.

1. within a syllable are 0.33 and between syllables are 1.0
2. within a syllable are 1.0 and between syllables are 0.33
3. within a word are 0.33 and between words are 1.0
4. within a word are 1.0 and between words are 0.33

13. The perception of syllable stress is caused by relatively high amplitude, long duration and ______.

1. a transitional probability of 1.0
2. a transitional probability of 0.33
3. a decrease in pitch
4. an increase in pitch

14. Infants acquiring English make assumptions about word boundaries based on the predominant stress pattern of the language, which is ______.

1. trochaic: words tend to have a strong-weak pattern
2. trochaic: words tend to have a weak-strong pattern
3. iambic: words tend to have a strong-weak pattern
4. iambic: words tend to have a weak-strong pattern

15. Infants are sensitive to clause boundaries, which can often be identified by pauses, syllable lengthening and a change in ______.

1. transitional probability
2. segmentation
3. amplitude
4. pitch