Access to full-text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter. Journal articles can act as an ideal resource to help support your assignments and studies.

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Article 1: Bernburg, J., Krohn, M., & Rivera, C. (2006). Official labeling, criminal embeddedness, and subsequent delinquency: A longitudinal test of labeling theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(1). 67-88. doi: 10.1177/0022427805280068

Questions to Consider:

1. What did the authors study in relation to formal labeling?
2. What does labeling theory say about labels and delinquency?
3. Did intervention affect delinquency? How so?

Article 2: Sims, B. (1997). Crime, punishment, and the American dream: Toward a Marxist integration. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(1). 5-24. doi: 10.1177/0022427897034001002

Questions to Consider:

1. What did Messner and Rosenfeld say about the American economy?
2. What did Sims say Messner and Rosenfeld left out in their earlier work? What is that missing link?
3. How can the theory discussed by Sims be applied to punishment in America?