Access to full-text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter. Journal articles can act as an ideal resource to help support your assignments and studies.

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Article 1: Bowers, W. & Pierce, G. (1980). Deterrence or brutalization: What is the effect of executions? Crime & Delinquency, 26(4). 453-484. doi: 10.1177/001112878002600402

Questions to Consider:

1. What did the authors control for in the study? Why?
2. What where their results?
3. What is the message of execution according to the authors?

Article 2: Stafford, M. & Warr, M. (1993). A reconceptualization of general and specific deterrence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(2). 123-135. doi: 10.1177/0022427893030002001

Questions to Consider:

1. What is the difference between general and specific deterrence?
2. What are some of the issues concerning this distinction?
3. What is the reconceptualization the authors discuss?

Article 3: Baruchello, G. (2004). Cesare Beccaria and the cruelty of liberalism. Philosophy Social Criticism, 30(3). 303-313. doi: 10.1177/0191453704042216

Questions to Consider:

1. What is the author’s overall goal in this piece?
2. What is liberalism of fear?
3. Write a short paragraph summing up what this piece is about.