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Journal Article 1: Kimmel, C. E., & Roby, J. L. (2007). Institutionalized child abuse the use of child soldiers. International Social Work, 50, 740–754.

Abstract: In this article the practice of using child soldiers is examined in the light of the structural elements that facilitate and perpetuate this form of institutionalized child abuse. Based on new models for understanding this form of child abuse, the authors suggest intervention methods at the macro and micro levels.

Journal Article 2: Green, P. C. (2008). The impact of law on African American males. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 872–884.

Abstract: This article analyzes whether federal and state constitutional and statutory provisions sufficiently protect African American male students from racism in public education. The first section explains how structural racism and unconscious racism have worked in tandem to prevent many African American males from experiencing the promise of equal educational opportunity in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The second section examines the two federal laws that are primarily invoked to protect African Americans from governmental discrimination: (a) the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and (b) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The third section explains whether legal arguments arising from the accountability movement might enable African American males to obtain remedies from the effects of structural and unconscious racism. Three provisions are examined: (a) the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, (b) state education clauses, and (c) the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.