Rajala, R. Hakanen, E.  Mattila, J. Seppala, T. and Westerlund, M. (2018), ‘How do intelligent goods shape closed loop systems’, California Management Review, 60 (3): 20-40.

This paper draws from North American and European cases to show how goods-related information can be used to develop more competitive closed-loop systems.

Provides evidence of just how important digital platforms are to the circular economy.

Unruh, G. (2018), ‘Circular economy, 3D printing, and the biosphere rules’, California Management Review, 60 (3): 95-111.

The paper describes the principles on which the circular economy is based and shows that whilst technologies such as additive manufacturing and 3D printing might support such principles, policy makers and business decision makers need to be cognizant of possible negative consequences of emerging technologies.