Journal Articles

De Fatima Oliveira, M. (2013). Multicultural Environments and Their Challenges to Crisis Communication. Journal of Business Communication, 50(3), 253−77.

Ulmer, R. R. (2001). Effective Crisis Management through Established Stakeholder Relationships. Management Communication Quarterly, 14, 590−615.

Stephens, K. K., Malone, P. C., & Bailey, C. M. (2005). Communicating with Stakeholders During a Crisis Evaluating Message Strategies. Journal of Business Communication, 42(4), 390−419. – builds on Coomb’s model

Nord, L. W., & Olsson, E. K. (2013). Frame, Set, Match! Towards a model of successful crisis rhetoric. Public Relations Inquiry, 2(1), 79−94.

Ulmer, R. R. (2012). Increasing the Impact of Thought Leadership in Crisis Communication. Management Communication Quarterly, 26(4), 523−42.

Bisel, R. S., & Messersmith, A. S. (2012). Organizational and Supervisory Apology Effectiveness Apology Giving in Work Settings. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 425−48.

Tyler, L. (1997). Liability Means Never being Able to Say You're Sorry. Management Communication Quarterly, 11, 51−73.

Ulmer, R. R. (2001). Effective Crisis Management through Established Stakeholder Relationships. Management Communication Quarterly, 14, 590−615.

Coombs, W. T. (2004). Impact of Past Crises on Current Crisis Communication. Journal of Business Communication, 41, 265−89.

Coombs, W. T. & Holladay, S. J. (2002). Helping Crisis Managers Protect Reputational Assets. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 165−86.

Huang, Y.-H. (2006). Crisis Situations, Communication Strategies, and Media Coverage. Communication Research, 33, 180−205.

Stephens, K. K., Malone, P. C. & Bailey, C. M. (2005). Communicating with stakeholders During a Crisis. Journal of Business Communication, 42, 390−419.

Bentley, J. M. (2018). What Counts as an Apology? Exploring Stakeholder Perceptions in a Hypothetical Organizational Crisis. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(2), 202–232.