Ans: B

Pathogenesis is the term applied to the mechanism that leads to the state of disease. A pathogen causes the disease. Pathophysiology is the term for collective describing disordered disease processes. Pathognomic is a way of describing a characteristic of a disease process.

Ans: C

An acute disease is one where signs and symptoms develop suddenly and lasts for a relatively short period of time. It can be severe or not; e.g. a cut finger is an acute injury in nature but not usually severe. The terms acute and severe are sometimes, but incorrectly, used interchangeably. The severity of a condition does not determine whether it is acute, chronic or sub-acute. A sub-acute condition falls between acute and chronic in nature. If the disease persists, it is chronic. Sometimes a chronic disease may have a sudden deterioration of the normal symptoms; this is said to be acute-on-chronic.

Ans: D

AIDS is caused in the first instance by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus causes long-lasting damage to the immune system eventually leading to AIDS, which is lifelong, and therefore, chronic.

Ans: A

Aetiology is the cause of a disease; defined as congenital or acquired and communicable or non-communicable. The incidence and distribution of disease is epidemiology. The development of a disease process is pathogenesis; a group of symptoms occurring together is a syndrome.

Ans: B

A communicable disease is where microbes are transmitted from other people, animals or other sources of infection.

Ans: A

Risk factors increase the chances of the development of disease processes which are not contracted by infection and can be reduced by lifestyle changes, e.g. smoking cessation, weight loss, etc.

Ans: C

A disease present at birth is congenital; and occurs as a result of either genetic abnormality or abnormality in the uterus during foetal development.

Ans: D

A disease which is transmitted from an animal to a human is called a zoonosis; the disease is said to be zoonotic.

Ans: D

Adrenaline is the main neurotransmitter released during the short-acting/acute stress phase. Follicle-stimulating hormone is involved with the production of human egg or sperm cells; melatonin helps regulate sleep and cortisol is involved in long-acting stress response.

Ans: symptom/sign

A sign is indictor of the disease that another person can see or observe, for example, a rash. A symptom is something the person experiences, feels or reports, for example, pain.