Multiple Choice Questions
Test your understanding with these multiple choice questions:
1. Match the definition of brain injury to the correct definition: primary injury; secondary injury
Damage caused at the time of the trauma taking into account the physical effects and mechanical forces on the brain and spinal cord: ______
Damage occurring at the cellular level occurring hours or days later, associated with is chaemia, hypoxia, infection and intracranial pressure: ______
Ans: primary injury; secondary injury
2. Which term describes the pressure required to perfuse the tissues of the brain?
a. mean arterial pressure
b. intracranial pressure
c. cerebral perfusion pressure
d. blood pressure
3. Which THREE are the components of the cranium and spinal cord which can be decreased as a result of compensation in raised intracranial pressure?
a. water
b. blood
c. cerebrospinal fluid
d. brain tissue
4. When intracranial pressure is at such a point when compensation is no longer possible, the brain is herniated and displaced into any available space. This is known as ______.
a. cardiac arrest
b. coning
c. brain stem death
d. Cushing’s triad
5. Cerebral oedema caused by increased permeability of endothelial cells allowing fluid to escape into the extra cellular space is known as ______.
a. vasogenic
b. cytotoxic
c. obstructive
d. interstitial
6. Which of the following is NOT a criteria for the definition of a coma?
a. absence of behavioural awareness for 2 hours
b. no voluntary movement
c. absence of a sleep–wake cycle
d. no response to pain, light or sound
7. A patient with spinal injury presents with sweating and vasodilation above the level of injury with hypertension and bradycardia. This could be ______.
a. spinal shock
b. clonus
c. neurogenic shock
d. autonomic dysreflexia
8. Place the four phases of a tonic-clonic seizure in the correct order:
a. phase ictus
b. postictal
c. aura
d. prodromal
9. Which condition is attributed to an imbalance of either low levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters or high levels of excitatory transmitters in cerebral neurones?
a. a seizure due to neurological temporary malfunction
b. encephalitis
c. meningitis
d. epilepsy
10. Which one of the following is the main pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis?
a. decreased level of dopamine in the brain
b. deposits of amyloid protein causing neurofibrillary tangles
c. autoimmune destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve cells
d. failure of mitochondria