1. Sodium and potassium are essential electrolytes found within the body. Which is one found predominantly in the extracellular fluid, and which one is found predominantly in the intracellular fluid?

Sodium: ______

Potassium: ______

2. In diabetes insipidus, which of the following does the body either secrete insufficient amounts or fails to respond to?

a. insulin

b. antidiuretic hormone

c. glucose

d. glycogen

3. Polyuria means ______.

a. glucose in the urine

b. inadequate urine output

c. excess urine output

d. excess urea in the blood

4. Why do patients with undiagnosed diabetes often present with increased frequency of urination?

a. decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone leads to less water reabsorption in the renal system

b. large amounts of aldosterone increased sodium reabsorption in the renal system

c. large amounts of glucose prevent reabsorption of water in the renal system

d. none of these

5. Some diuretics can have an impact on electrolytes. Which electrolyte is particularly affected by some diuretics but not others?

a. potassium

b. calcium

c. magnesium

d. sodium

6. Which of the following bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infection?

a. Staphylococcus saprophyticus

b. Escherichia coli

c. Enterococcus faecalis

d. Pseudomonas

7. Which of the following are NOT reasons women more likely to develop a urinary tract infection?

a. short, straight urethra

b. proximity to the anus

c. menstruation

d. antibiotic therapy

8. A patient with renal calculi will normally pass small stones in their urine; however, larger stones may need to be managed. Which TWO of the following treatment options should be used?

a. treating the cause of the stones development

b. surgery to remove stones

c. fragmentation using lithotripsy

d. urethra catheterization

9. Ischemia and hypoxic damage to the kidneys leading to sudden decline in renal function is known as ______.

a. acute pyelonephritis

b. acute cystitis

c. chronic kidney disease

d. acute kidney injury