Multiple choice quiz

Take the quiz to test your understanding of the key concepts covered in the chapter. Try testing yourself before you read the chapter to see where your strengths and weaknesses are, then test yourself again once you’ve read the chapter to see how well you’ve understood.

1. What is the principal factor that changes the affordances available to the toddler, compared with the infant?

  1. independent locomotion
  2. starting to speak
  3. the attachment relationship
  4. new kinds of caretaking

Answer: 

a. independent locomotion

2. Did the NICHD study support Jay Belsky’s research finding that toddlers receiving more than 20 hours a week of care outside the home were more likely to show insecure attachment patterns?

  1. no
  2. yes

Answer: 

a. no

3. Researchers found that only 33% of children in families living in northern Germany were securely attached. What was their interpretation of these findings?

  1. the German parents were insensitive to the children
  2. there were genetic differences in these children
  3. in northern Germany there was cultural norm for maintaining emotional distance from children
  4. northern Germany has a higher incidence of mistreatment of children

Answer:

c. in northern Germany there was cultural norm for maintaining emotional distance from children

4. How have researchers explained the finding that Japanese children are often anxious-resistant, but very rarely anxious-avoidant?

  1. Japanese parenting encourages a strong sense of dependence
  2. genetic differences in Japanese children
  3. the anxious-resistant response is not functional in Japanese culture
  4. Japanese parents do not notice the difference between these two attachment patterns

Answer:

a. Japanese parenting encourages a strong sense of dependence

5. Ainsworth defined a sensitive mother as one who will ‘respect her baby as a separate, autonomous person.’ What is a problem with this definition?

  1. it does not fit cultures that value interdependence rather than autonomy
  2. it excludes fathers
  3. sensitivity is not the most important characteristic of childcare
  4. infants are not attentive to their caregivers’ sensitivity

Answer:

a. it does not fit cultures that value interdependence rather than autonomy

6. In the ‘teleological stance,’ toddlers can understand:

  1. contingencies
  2. intentions in action
  3. prior intentions
  4. mental states such as belief and desire

Answer:

b. intentions in action

7. Gergely and colleagues originally thought that 12-month old toddlers adopted an ‘intentional stance.’ But they later changed their minds, and decided the toddlers had adopted which kind of stance?

  1. contingent stance
  2. teleological stance
  3. intentional stance
  4. mentalist stance

Answer:

b. teleological stance

8. Why is starting to walk called the ‘psychological birth’ of the infant?

  1. it leads to self awareness
  2. it leads to self consciousness
  3. it leads to locomotion
  4. it leads to attachment

Answer:

a. it leads to self awareness

9. When does the biological separation of the child occur?

  1. at birth
  2. at one year
  3. at 30 months
  4. at five years

Answer:

b. at one year

10. What is the order of the phases of response to separation that were identified by Bowlby?

  1. protest, despair, detachment
  2. despair, protest, detachment
  3. detachment, despair, protest
  4. protest, detachment, despair

Answer:

a. protest, despair, detachment

11. How is the attachment system analogous to a thermostat?

  1. it keeps security constant by varying proximity
  2. it keeps proximity constant by varying security
  3. it keeps security constant by varying the secure base
  4. it keeps temperature constant by varying heat

Answer:

a. it keeps security constant by varying proximity

12. Rogoff has described three kinds of learning, each of which occurs on a specific level. The levels are (1) Community activity; (2) interpersonal activity; (3) personal activity. The corresponding kinds of learning are:

  1. (1) apprenticeship; (2) guided participation; (3) participatory appropriation
  2. (1) participatory appropriation; (2) apprenticeship; (3) guided participation
  3. (1) guided participation; (2) participatory appropriation; (3) apprenticeship
  4. (1) apprenticeship; (2) participatory appropriation; (3) guided participation

Answer:

a. (1) apprenticeship; (2) guided participation; (3) participatory appropriation