1. In treating allergies, one might be exposed to increasing levels of an allergen over an extended period of time. What is this treatment called?

1. Allergen desensitization
2. Allergen immunotherapy
3. Anti-reactive sensitization
4. Anaphylaxis sensitization
5. Anaphylaxis desensitization

2. If an infectious agent is transmitted through water (e.g., cholera), what type of transmission would this be considered?

1. Vector transmission
2. Droplet transmission
3. Indirect contact transmission
4. Direct contact transmission
5. Vehicle transmission

3. Which of these is not a route of infection?

1. Varimax transmission
2. Airborne transmission
3. Droplet contact
4. Vector transmission
5. Vehicle transmission

4. Which of these does not contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance?

1. Bacteria are phagocytized by macrophages
2. Bacteria mutate
3. Bacteria go dormant
4. Bacteria coordinate as a team
5. Bacteria use quorum sensing

5. If the infectious agent can only multiply inside living cells, this agent would likely be:

1. Bacteria
2. Fungus
3. Virus
4. Protozoa
5. Parasite

6. Which of these is typically not associated with the extent to which a virus spreads through a population?

1. How readily the virus can be passed from one person to another
2. The route by which the virus is transmitted
3. How easily the virus can penetrate the host’s tissues
4. How readily the virus can counteract antibiotics
5. How quickly the virus kills the host

7. Hookworm, schistosomiasis, and ascariasis, which appear primarily in Africa, Asia, and South and Central America, are considered:

1. Sexually transmitted diseases
2. Neglected tropical diseases
3. Waterborne transmitted diseases
4. Zoonotic diseases
5. Fecal-oral transmitted diseases

8. The bacteria in the gut, which contribute to immune functioning, are collectively called:

1. Probiotics
2. Prebiotics
3. Stomach bacteria
4. Bacteroides
5. Microbiota

9. Why may exercise lengthen healthspan?

1. Adipokines are increased
2. Visceral fat is decreased
3. Proinflammatory cytokines are increased
4. Benefits are only encountered among extreme exercisers
5. None of the above

10. With regards to sleep and immunity, which of these statements is false?

1. T and B cell levels increase towards the evening
2. Inflammatory cytokines increase during the early hours of sleep
3. Sleep disturbances do not elicit stress-related hormonal changes
4. Sleep disturbances are associated with lower natural killer cell activity
5. Inflammatory cytokines decrease during later hours of sleep