1. Why has the United Nations often been ineffective in maintaining international peace and security?

1. Its members regularly withhold funds for the UN.
2. The states of the international system place no importance on the resolutions adopted by the UN.
3. It fails to adopt resolutions unless there is agreement among the five permanent members of the Security Council.
4. All of the options.

2. Which of the following statements is true?

1. The only role of the UN is to maintain international peace and security.
2. American troops have become a common feature of UN peacekeeping forces and are commanded by the Secretary General of the UN.
3. In nearly all cases during the post-Cold War era, UN peacekeeping forces have achieved success in establishing peace.
4. None of the options

3. What is Traditional Peacekeeping?

1. UN forces are placed under the command of the permanent members of the Security Council and are used to forcefully pacify disputing parties
2. Traditional peacekeeping is characterised by the establishment of UN forces between the disputants once they have agreed to a ceasefire
3. Traditional peacekeeping occurs when civilians working for the UN are used to administer and re-establish civilian institutions once hostilities between disputants have ended
4. None of the options

3. What do we mean by Second Generation Peacekeeping?

1. Multileveled missions which incorporate elements of Traditional Peacekeeping
2. Missions whereby UN troops are authorised to use force for reasons other than self-defence
3. Mission objectives extend to achieve humanitarian goals, improving the living conditions of affected populations and helping towards improving economic, political and social conditions
4. All of the options

5. The civil war in Syria has largely spelled the end of the principle of Responsibility to Protect. Why is this so?

1. The international community has lacked the political will to enforce the principles
2. The warring parties are refusing to co-operate with the international community
3.  Outside powers such as the United States and Russia are pursuing their own interests in Syria and uninterested in acting as honest brokers
4. All of the options