By the end of the chapter, you will know:

• the key motifs of the century; of capital in 1900; of state in 1950; and of nation in 2000.
   
• how Scotland in 1900 was a mature, industrial society locked in to imperial markets, with a predominant manual working-class population.
   
• the ways in which, by 1950, Scotland was transformed economically and socially by state intervention, thereby remaining British.
   
• the transformation of Scotland by 2000 such that its social structure and its politics were leading to a renegotiation of the Union, driven by nationalism.