1. Mood is defined as

1. a short-lived feeling
2. being depressed for more than 1 month
3. a prevailing state of feeling
4. a temporary depression

2. Which of these supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

1. emotion is a visceral response producing a behavioural response
2. artificial induction of visceral changes does not necessarily produce emotion
3. the viscera are ‘insensitive structures’
4. visceral changes are the same in many emotions

3. The direct emotional circuit controlling fear comprises

1. eye, thalamus, sensory cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
2. eye, thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus
3. eye, hypothalamus, visual cortex, striatum
4. eye, geniculate nucleus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

4. Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with depression?

1. serotonin
2. dopamine
3. septomin
4. glutamate

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of an intrinsically motivated activity?

1. eating a pie because you like pie
2. playing with a toy for the fun of it
3. revising for an exam to get a good grade
4. reading a book because you enjoy the story

6. According to Gray (1972), there are two types of personalities, specifically

1. those that are repelled by positive stimuli and those that are attracted to negative stimuli
2. those that are attracted to rewarding stimuli and those that tend to avoid aversive stimuli
3. those that are motivated by greed and those that are motivated by altruism
4. those that believe in simple binary divisions of personality and those that don’t

7. Which of the following are NOT TRUE of motivation?

1. it is the drive, incentive or interest to initiate, perform or maintain a behaviour
2. it is independent of emotion or cognition
3. it is a preparatory phase prior to action
4. it may be influenced by rewards and punishments

8. According to the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray and McNaughton, 2000), the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

1. detects goal conflict between reward and punishment
2. gives one a sensitivity to punishment
3. gives one a sensitivity to reward
4. encourages inhibition of reward seeking

9. Why do those with orbitofrontal cortex damage perform poorly on the Iowa gambling task?

1. choices made are random
2. inability to respond flexibly
3. motivated by reward only (not losses)
4. sensitive to punishment of loss

10. According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction (Robinson and Berridge, 1993), increased dopamine as a result of repeated drug use leads to

1. sensitivity to the rewarding aspect of the drug
2. neural adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system
3. increased sensitivity seen as facial reactivity to pleasure in the rat
4. tolerance of the rewarding effect of a drug

11. Self-actualization is the process whereby individuals

1. establish their concept of self
2. become selfless
3. reach their full potential
4. realize their ideal self

12. Matsuda et al. (2008) found that there appeared to be a cultural difference between Western and Japanese people’s visual interpretations of emotion, specifically that

1. Westerners seem less sensitive to the visual perception of emotion than Japanese people
2. Japanese people tend to focus on the mouth, while Westerners seem to look at the eyes
3. Westerners incorporate social context into emotional perception, while Japanese people tend to see emotions as individual feelings
4. Japanese people tend to interpret emotions in a group context, while Westerners tend to view emotions in relation to only the individual

13. Psychometric scales are

1. tests used to measure a person’s level of psychopathy
2. an instrument to estimate the mass of a person’s brain
3. survey-type questions that can be used to establish a quantitative measure of a trait, emotion, mood, etc.
4. questions that assess a person’s level of latent psychic ability

14. Which region of the brain appears to be responsible for the freeze response to a fear stimulus?

1. the hypothalamus
2. the periaqueductal grey matter
3. the orbitofrontal cortex
4. the anterior cingulate cortex

15. Which of the following brain regions has NOT been identified by researchers as being activated in response to pleasurable emotions

1. the anterior cingulate cortex
2. the orbitofrontal cortex
3. the insular cortex
4. the medulla oblongata

16. A cognitive process that starts with simple processes and builds to the more-complex higher levels is known as

1. bottom–up processing
2. lateral processing
3. internal processing
4. top–down processing

17. Deliberately reinterpreting an event with the intention of modifying the emotional response to it is known as

1. cognitive distortion
2. cognitive suppression
3. cognitive reappraisal
4. cognitive control

18. The emotional processing explanation of post-traumatic stress disorder suggests that the patient

1. has a cognitive bias that the world is dangerous
2. has a tendency to avoid situations that remind him/her of the trauma
3. has repressed emotional responses
4. has an inability to recognize fear in others

19. Which of the following best describes the concept of an emotion?

1. a response to an external or internal stimulus with the purpose of motivating an action or behaviour
2. an enduring or recurrent state with no specific causes
3. the mental representation of general feelings within an individual
4. a highly illogical concept, captain

20. TMS is a technique to manipulate activity in a particular brain regions. TMS stands for

1. Transcranial melatonin simulation
2. Transatlantic motivation system
3. Transorbital motor sensitization
4. Transcranial magnetic stimulation