1. The Tower of London problem-solving task was developed by

1. Shackleton (1982)
2. Shallice (1982)
3. Sheriff (1982)
4. Sherrington (1982)

2. The process of breaking down goals into subgoals is termed

1. means–ends analysis
2. initial-desired state analysis
3. subgoal appropriation
4. subgoal potentiation

3. According to Newell and Simon, a problem-solver

1. analyzes all possible solutions before beginning
2. attempts to resolve differences between problem states
3. works backwards from the goal state
4. prioritizes subgoals

4. What computer programme did Newell and Simon create to validate their theory?

1. general purpose solution
2. general problem solver
3. deep blue
4. enigma machine

5. A challenge to Newell and Simon’s problem-solving theory is that

1. experts mostly use means–ends analysis
2. novices mostly use means–ends analysis
3. experts do not always use means–ends analysis
4. novices do not always use means–ends analysis

6. Answers that appear out of the blue to solve problems are

1. flashbulbs
2. impasses
3. impressive
4. insights

7. Difficulty seeing the solution to a problem is

1. an insight
2. an impasse
3. blindsight
4. means analysis

8. Which is NOT a type of reasoning?

1. probabilistic
2. inductive
3. ordinate
4. deductive

9. Bayes’ theorem can be used to calculate

1. possibility
2. probability
3. information criterion
4. means–ends differences

10. A heuristic is

1. a rule of thumb
2. a protocol
3. a strategy
4. an error