1. In a typical memory experiment, participants are asked to recall stimuli in which phase?

1. presentation
2. test
3. material
4. distinction

2. Participants are NOT told that they will be tested on a list of words presented in an experiment. This provides evidence of

1. intentional learning
2. a practice effect
3. incidental learning
4. masked learning

3. A test where participants are asked to retrieve in any order stimuli previously presented is

1. cued recall
2. implicit memory
3. explicit memory
4. free recall

4. Participants take part in an experiment where they learn a number of words and are told that they will be tested later on what they have learned. This is a test of

1. explicit memory
2. recognition
3. implicit memory
4. interference

5. Storage is

1. the stage of memory where information is interpreted and transferred
2. the stage of memory where information is committed
3. the stage of memory most affected by direct manipulation in experiments
4. the stage of memory between presentation of stimuli and before test

6. Investigating what factors can affect memory storage can be done by

1. manipulating what happens before the test phase
2. informing people that they will be tested
3. providing recall cues
4. manipulating what happens at the presentation phase

7. Which is NOT typically used to test memory retrieval?

1. dot probe task
2. word stem completion
3. cued recall
4. serial position effects

8. With immediate testing, recall accuracy is poorest for items that occur in which position of a list?

1. beginning
2. middle
3. end
4. no difference

9. Immediately testing recall can lead to greater recall for words at the end of a list. This is

1. recency effect
2. primacy effect
3. serial position effect
4. superiority effect

10. The recency effect in memory retrieval can be reduced when

1. rehearsal is prevented
2. short- to long-term memory interference is introduced
3. a backwards masking task is used
4. retention interval is increased

11. Which authors proposed the modal model of memory?

1. Lansdale and Baguley (2008)
2. Tulving and Thompson (1975)
3. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
4. Craik and Lockhart (1972)

12. The modal model of memory was challenged on the grounds that

1. impaired short-term memory does not disrupt long-term memory
2. Short-term memory has a limited capacity
3. longer time in short-term memory predicts likelihood of long-term memory
4. long-term memory has a limited capacity

13. According to levels of processing, which of the following leads to the deepest level of memory?

1. perceptual
2. semantic
3. associative
4. cue dependent

14. A critical issue with the ‘levels of processing’ account of memory is

1. the distinction between perceptual and semantic processing
2. it is not compatible with the modal model
3. determining the level of processing
4. it does not explain how information is retrieved

15. Retrieval cues can improve recall because of

1. overlap between memories at encoding
2. interference or decay
3. traces still in short-term memory
4. greater storage capacity

16. ‘Specific operations […] determine what is stored, and what is stored determines what retrieval cues are effective’ refers to what term?

1. context-dependent memory
2. encoding specificity principle
3. levels of processing
4. forgetting function

17. Retroactive inhibition is a term of memory

1. decay
2. delay
3. retrieval
4. interference

18. Having prior memory associations that make it difficult to form new memory associations is termed

1. proactive inhibition
2. transfer appropriate processing
3. time-dependent decay
4. encoding specificity

19. Which of the following was proposed by Keppel (1968) to be most likely?

1. prior learning may interfere with new learning only when items are similar, but new learning interferes with all old learning
2. old learning can interfere with new learning, but new learning interferes with all old learning
3. all forgetting is caused by non-specific proactive inhibition
4. old learning only interferes with new learning when encoded in the same modality

20. What explains the mathematical forgetting curve?

1. retroactive inhibition
2. serial position
3. Jost’s law
4. consolidation theory

21. Lansdale and Baguley (2008) predict that the probability of correct recall depends on

1. proportion of correct memory traces
2. encoding specificity
3. context-dependent recall
4. retroactive inhibition

22. Lansdale and Baguley (2008) argue that memory dilution occurs because

1. long-term memory capacity is limited
2. the number of null traces decreases
3. memories become indistinct from similar memories
4. the memory becomes less temporally distinctive

23. Which element was NOT found to alter accounts of the ‘War of the Ghosts’ story?

1. rationalizations
2. distortions
3. omissions
4. intrusions

24. The study of how the ‘War of the Ghosts’ story accounts became altered at recall was carried out by

1. Bartlett (1932)
2. Godden and Baddeley (1975)
3. Postman and Phillips (1965)
4. Eysenck (1979)

25. Eyewitness testimonies are an example of what kind of memory experiment?

1. intentional learning
2. context-dependent learning
3. incidental learning
4. cue-dependent learning

26. Which key academic is involved in the study of memory as a reconstructive process?

1. A. Baddeley
2. H. Eysenck
3. G. Hitch
4. E. Loftus

27. The accuracy of eyewitness testimonies can be improved with

1. recovered memories
2. cognitive interviews
3. noise reduction
4. neurofeedback

28. What can help improve the accuracy of eye witness testimonies?

1. serial position
2. context reinstatement
3. mnemonics
4. distributed practice

29. Memory can be improved when information to be learnt is

1. organized
2. written
3. spoken
4. elaborated

30. Which is a good method of revision:

1. intense sessions
2. spaced learning
3. 1 hour on/1 hour off
4. late night sessions