1. Why is it important for children to interact with their immediate environment?

1. because it allows them to communicate with others
2. because it allows them to learn language
3. because it allows them to develop new skills
4. because it allows them to make mistakes

2. What does scaffolding allow children to do?

1. appreciate social context and learn skills
2. explore their environment
3. make friends
4. none of these

3. How did Piaget describe children?

1. Like little adventurers
2. Like small explorers
3. Like little philosophers
4. Like small scientists

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE: According to Piaget, children

1. must complete each stage but in any order
2. can miss some stages but must meet the last one
3. must complete all stages by the time they are 5
4. must complete all the stages in the same order

5. Piaget’s theory focusses on children developing what?

1. mental representations
2. language
3. cognitive schemas
4. theory of mind

6. Piaget's first stage occurs before school age. But which of the following is established at the end of this stage?

1. symbolic thought
2. mental maps
3. spatial awareness
4. none of these

7. What is object permanency?

1. the ability to reach out and grab an object
2. the ability to name an object
3. the ability to know that not seeing an object does not mean it does not exist
4. the ability to know that the object has a specific function in the environment

8. When children have an awareness of the world around them and are rapidly developing language skills, they are entering which stage?

1. the concrete operational
2. the sensorimotor
3. the preoperational
4. the formal operational

9. If a child is egocentric, which of the following behaviour would he/she exhibit?

1. they are focussed on the actions of others
2. they are focussed on themselves
3. they want to understand others’ reactions
4. they are only interested in their primary caregiver

10. What do children struggle to do in the concrete operational stage?

1. complete conservation tasks
2. understand the feelings of others
3. understand abstract ideas
4. all of these

11. Which of the following is a general criticism of Piaget's work?

1. his work had little evidence to support it
2. he did not take into account social influences
3. his statistics were flawed
4. he overanalyzed his results

12. What did Vygotsky say social speech was?

1. the way children talk to those the same age
2. the way children talk to the those who are older
3. simply talking to others
4. talking about social problems

13. Vygotsky considered language to be

1. a cultural tool
2. meaningless
3. fun
4. unique

14. What does ZPD stand for?

1. Zoo's Panda Department
2. Zone of Proximal Development
3. Zoe's Properly Drunk
4. Zone of Philosophical Distance

15. The LAD was claimed to be

1. an area of the brain pre-programmed to learn language
2. an area of the brain where language is stored
3. a device that made learning more than one language in childhood possible
4. a device that allowed children to experiment with new words

16. Lenneberg (1967) proposed that there is a critical period for language learning, but when was this critical period theorized to end?

1. before 5 years old
2. before 10 years old
3. before puberty
4. before adulthood

17. Which cognitive skill is involved in learning to read?

1. mental representation
2. theory of mind
3. spoken language
4. imagination

18. Reading is

1. an artificial activity that requires explicit teaching
2. an evolutionary adaptation
3. an innate skill that all humans can act upon at any time
4. a waste of time

19. What is phonological awareness?

1. a knowledge of language
2. a knowledge of music
3. a knowledge of words
4. a knowledge of sounds

20. What are the three levels of phonological awareness?

1. syllables, words, sentences
2. sounds, pitch, tone
3. syllables, rhymes, phonemes
4. depth, speed, rhythm

21. An awareness of all three levels of phonological awareness emerges by what age?

1. 3–4 years old
2. 4–5 years old
3. 5–6 years old
4. 6–7 years old

22. Which of the following is TRUE?

1. phoneme skills are strong predictors of reading success
2. phoneme skills have no bearing on reading success
3. phoneme skills are strong predictors of vocabulary size
4. phoneme skills aid in the development of grammar

23. Which TWO of the following are used to promote reading?

1. synthetic phonics
2. analytic phonics
3. rhyme phonics
4. syllable phonics

24. Children form two distinct types of relationships with their peers during the school years. What are they?

1. imaginary and real
2. companionship and intimate
3. prosocial and antisocial
4. inanimate and animate

25. Which of the following best fits the following sentence?

Girls tend to have ______ group of close peers compared to ______, as well as having more intimacy, prosocial support and ______ with their same-gender peers than ______.

1. a smaller, boys, companionship, boys
2. a larger, adults, arguments, men
3. an older, boys, intelligence, women
4. a wider, adults, emotionality, boys