1. Which of the following is used to describe objective reflection on the nature of language?

1. psycholinguistics
2. metalinguistic reasoning
3. morphological pragmatics
4. linguistic relativity

2. Psycholinguists generally consider that there are three stages in language production. Which of the following best describes them in the correct order?

1. grammatical encoding, conceptualization, phonological/orthographic encoding
2. conceptualization, morphological encoding, grammatical encoding
3. conceptualization, grammatical encoding, phonological/orthographic encoding
4. phonological bootstrapping, grammatical encoding, orthographic encoding

3. A language that has a consistent relationship between graphemes and sounds can be said to

1. be logosyllabic
2. have a shallow or transparent orthography
3. have a deep orthography
4. be phonologically regular

4. A ‘garden-path’ sentence can be described as

1. a sentence with a structure that leads to initial misinterpretation and subsequent reanalysis
2. a sentence that is ambiguously worded so as to elicit an understanding of the reader’s psychological characteristics
3. a sentence that is structured so that the reader, having only read the beginning, is able to correctly predict the later phrasing
4. a sentence that appears initially to have meaning but that is in fact grammatically nonsensical

5. Garden-path sentences can be used to demonstrate that

1. we consciously parse sentences only once we have complete information
2. we comprehend sentences with strategies of which we are not consciously aware once we have read the whole sentence
3. we process verbs before the nouns to which they relate
4. we parse continuously while reading, using unconscious strategies without waiting for the end of a sentence

6. Noam Chomsky suggested which of the following?

1. there is no fundamental ability for language when a child is born, and it is acquired through subsequent exposure to speech
2. children acquire language in different ways and at different rates depending on the culture into which they are born
3. there is an innate human ability to acquire language
4. children learn language as the product of positive reinforcement

7. The ‘linguistic relativity hypothesis’ proposes that

1. some or all of the differences in the way we think and perceive the world arise from differences in the structure of the language we speak
2. some languages are more efficient than others in the representation of the nature of reality
3. understanding and perception of the world are fundamental and not related to the nature of the language we speak
4. it is not possible to translate directly from one language into another and some reinterpretation is always necessary

8. According to the Simple View of Reading (Hoover & Gough, 1990), what are the two dissociable components that must be mastered to acquire literacy?

1. phonological awareness and fluency
2. sight vocabulary and pattern recognition
3. decoding and language comprehension
4. prosody and phonological comprehension

9. In which phase of reading and spelling acquisition are children likely to decode only the first few letters of a word and guess the remainder?

1. the pre-alphabetic phase
2. the consolidated alphabetic phase
3. the full alphabetic phase
4. the partial alphabetic phase

10. ‘Developmental dyslexia’ is best described as

1. a difficulty with reading and writing, which is the result of a lack of access to education
2. a syndrome with a complex neurological basis, which affects a range of different areas of cognition
3. a problem that mainly affects a person’s ability to spell words correctly
4. a symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)