1. Which of the following statements is correct?

1. Health promotion can refer to any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations.
2. The objective of health promotion is to prolong life and to improve quality of life.
3. Health promotion practice is often shaped by how health is conceptualized.
4. all of these

2. Which of the following charters defined health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health’.

1. Charter of the United Nations (1945)
2. Tokyo Charter (1946)
3. Ottawa Charter (1986)
4. none of these

3. This approach to health promotion is based on the assumption that humans are rational decision-makers, this approach relies heavily upon the provision of information about risks and benefits of certain behaviours.

1. behaviour change approach
2. community development approach
3. biomedical approach
4. none of these

4. This approach to health promotion aims to improve and promote health by addressing socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health within the community.

1. behaviour change approach
2. community development approach
3. biomedical approach
4. none of these

5. This approach to health promotion is synonymous with health education as it aims to increase individuals’ knowledge about the causes of health and illness.

1. behaviour change approach
2. community development approach
3. biomedical approach
4. none of these

6. A systematic review of fear appeal research by Ruiter, Kessels, Peters and Kok (2014) concluded that ______.

1. fear tactics are the most appropriate strategy to promote healthy behaviour
2. presenting coping information that increases perceptions of response effectiveness may be more effective in promoting healthy behaviour than presenting fear arousing stimuli
3. no conclusions can be made concerning the effectiveness of fear tactics in promoting healthy behaviour
4. none of these

7. ______ refers to the application of consumer-oriented marketing techniques in the design, implementation and evaluation of programmes aimed towards influencing behaviour change.

1. Health education
2. Social marketing
3. Consumer health
4. none of these

8. Which of the following is a criticism of the behaviour change approach to health promotion?

1. It is unable to target the major causes of ill health.
2. The choice of which behaviour to target lies with ‘experts’ whose task it is to communicate and justify this choice to the public.
3. The behaviour change paradigm does not address the many variables other than cognitions that influence human actions.
4. all of these

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of the community development approach to health promotion?

1. Improving individual attitudes and beliefs are key to successful health promotion.
2. There is a close relationship between individual health and its social and material contexts, thus are relevant when developing initiatives for change.
3. Individuals need to change personal behaviour rather than to change the environment to promote health.
4. all of these

10. Which of the following approaches to community psychology aim to connect intra-community processes with the broader socio-political context?

1. behaviourist approach
2. accomodationist approach
3. critical approach
4. none of these