1. In humans, each cell normally contains ______ of chromosomes.

1. 11 pairs
2. 23 pairs
3. 32 pairs
4. 46 pairs

2. ______ explained genetic disorders such as alkaptonuria and albinism.

1. Recessive inheritance has
2. Dominant genes have
3. X chromosomes
4. Y chromosomes

3. It is currently estimated that there are ______ human protein-coding genes although this estimate may be reduced over time.

1. 10,000–15,000
2. 19,000–20,000
3. 29,000–30,000
4. 100,000

4. The ______ is the set of observable characteristics and is the sum of genetic and environmental effects.

1. genotype
2. phenotype
3. both genotype and phenotype
4. neither genotype or phenotype

5. Nature is more important for ______ differences, while nurture has greater influence on ______ differences.

1. structural and anatomical; psychological and social
2. psychological and social; structural and anatomical
3. structural and psychological; anatomical and social
4. social and anatomical; psychological and structural

6. In genome-wide association studies, known SNPs explain ______ of the variation in body mass index despite the evidence of greater than 50% heritability from twin and family studies.

1. only 5%
2. less than 1%
3. only 13%
4. less than 2%

7. The epigenetic inheritance system has been described as ______ (Mayr and Provine, 1980).

1. genotype inheritance
2. soft inheritance
3. RNA inheritance
4. hard inheritance

8. ______ has been described as the phenomenon by which one genotype can give rise to a range of different physiological or morphological states in response to different environmental conditions during development (West-Eberhard, 1989).

1. Fetal plasticity
2. The fetal origins hypothesis
3. Developmental plasticity
4. Environmental plasticity

9. Research from Moshe Szyf and colleagues has provided significant findings on the epigenetic influences of prenatal maternal stress. This work has been labelled ______.

1. developmental epigenetics
2. social epigenetics
3. fetal epigenetics
4. maternal epigenetics

10. Intergenerational transmission to offspring can occur as a result of parental exposures to ______.

1. war
2. natural disasters
3. hunger
4. all of these