1. The social gradient that reflects the disparity in morbidity and mortality between those in different socioeconomic classes is often referred to as a ______.

1. health gradient
2. sex gradient
3. postcode gradient
4. income gradient

2. Which year did the World Health Organization first express the right to health as a fundamental human right?

1. 1946
2. 1952
3. 1987
4. 2000

3. Frederich Engels’ book entitled The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 provided a detailed description of the appalling living and working conditions and the limited health care of working-class residents in which of the following English cities?

1. London
2. Manchester
3. Liverpool
4. none of these

4. Which of the following approaches conceptualized the developmental influences of health inequalities in terms of four nested systems?

1. social Darwinism approach
2. ecological approach
3. naturalist approach
4. behaviourist approach

5. The influence of families, schools and neighbourhoods in explaining social inequalities in health can be categorised in which of the following systems?

1. microsystem
2. mesosystem
3. exosystem
4. macrosystem

6. Which of the following explanations for health inequalities attributes the social gradient in health on the role of economic factors?

1. an artefact
2. natural and social selection
3. materialist and structuralist explanations
4. cultural and/or behavioural differences

7. Which of the following explanations for health inequalities focus on the individual as the unit of analysis, emphasizing unthinking, reckless or irresponsible behaviour or incautious lifestyle as the moving determinant?

1. individualist explanations
2. natural and social selection
3. materialist and structuralist explanations
4. cultural and/or behavioural differences

8. The ‘health selection’ explanation for the relationship between income inequality and health refers to the explanation that ______.

1. people are not sick because they are poor. Rather, poor health lowers one’s income and limits one’s earning potential
2. income inequality erodes social bonds that allow people to work together, decreases social resources, and results in low trust and civic participation, greater crime, and other unhealthy conditions
3. income inequality results in less investment in social and environmental conditions (safe housing, good schools, etc.) necessary for promoting health among the poorest
4. none of these

9. Which of the following principle(s) is/are included in moral philosopher John Rawls’ theory of ‘justice of fairness’?

1. Assure people equal basic liberties including guaranteeing the right of political participation.
2. Provide a robust form of equal opportunity.
3. Limit inequalities to those that benefit the least advantaged.
4. all of these

10. Which of the following provides guidance for reconstructing global governance for health by grounding health in the context of human rights?

1. Framework Convention on Global Health
2. Principles of the Global Determinants of Health
3. Framework for Global Governance and Economic Development
4. none of these